GCRI · 社会与人类发展
人口转变
Populations change through births, deaths and migration: some are young and growing fast, others ageing and shrinking. These transitions shape labour supply, demand for schools and health care, pension 系统 and exposure to risk. This page sets out how demographic change unfolds, how it is measured and projected, and what evidence serves the governments that must plan for it.
Demographic transitions in seven parts.
Demographic transitions: how the risk develops.
Ageing, migration and population change. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Falling fertility changes age structure
As fertility falls, the working-age share grows for a period, then the population ages. The timing differs greatly between countries.
Ageing raises care needs
More older people raise demand for health care, long-term care and pensions, while the working-age population that funds them may shrink.
Migration reshapes populations
Internal and international migration moves people toward cities and opportunity, changing local populations faster than births and deaths.
Demography shapes exposure
Growing populations in coastal cities, drylands and informal settlements increase the number of people exposed to hazards.
拉丁美洲和加勒比的人口与风险暴露。
拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的人口密度、夜间灯光和白天地表热量，来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页的人口与暴露情况
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11（NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN））
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN）
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null；基于人口普查的估算，静态（2020）
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算，作为风险暴露背景展示；不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2）（NASA LAADS DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星辐射亮度，已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度；灯光是用电和停电的替代指标，并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（持续云层仍会造成缺口）
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3，8 天（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 8 天；卫星 8 天合成；持续云层仍会造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-09-14
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星皮肤温度，是高温风险暴露指标；不是气温、热指数，也不是高温预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层造成缺口）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra EVI（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星指数；云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数，是栖息地状况指标；不衡量物种或生物多样性。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作，地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。
人口与风险暴露，以拉丁美洲和加勒比地区为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。
数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光，NASA 戈达德航天中心；由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统（LAADS DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
- Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
- 背景：CIESIN/Columbia, NASA SEDAC HBASE。哥伦比亚大学国际地球科学信息网络中心（CIESIN）和 NASA 社会经济数据与应用中心（SEDAC）：Global Human Built-up And Settlement Extent (HBASE) 2010；Seto, Guneralp and Hutyra 2012, Global Grid of Probabilities of Urban Expansion to 2030；Global Urban Heat Island (UHI) Data Set, 2013。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 空气质量预报，5 天，PM2.5（CAMS，经由 Open-Meteo）：包含经修改的 Copernicus 大气监测服务 2026 年信息。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层（图层列表中有 9 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报是模型输出，派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 人口密度，2020 年：人口：哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN，世界网格化人口 v4.11（2018），NASA SEDAC， CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 夜间灯光，每日：VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2），NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 地表温度，日间，8 天合成：VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品，8 天，NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
- 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 增强型植被指数，滚动 8 天：MODIS Terra EVI，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
Population change shifts demand in every domain.
Findings are designed for the 前瞻展望系列. World Population Prospects 2024 provides probabilistic projections; ranges are reported, not single numbers.
- Sub-national projections.
- Migration data.
Social protection and cohesion.
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
Social protection and cohesion
Demographic transitions · Urban ward 9 · Year 1
Coverage by quintile
Cohesion survey
| Trust in neighbours | 59 | 64 | ▼ 1 |
| Trust in local authority | 36 | 42 | ▼ 6 |
| Reported discrimination | 12 | 9 | ▲ 1 |
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total fertility rate | births per woman | 年度 | Vital registration and surveys | 估算 |
| Life expectancy at birth | 年 | 年度 | Vital registration and models | 估算 |
| Old-age dependency ratio | people aged sixty-five and over per hundred aged fifteen to sixty-four | 年度 | Population estimates | 估算 |
| Net migration rate | per thousand population | 年度 | Population estimates | 估算 |
| Urban population share | percent | 年度 | Population estimates | 估算 |
| Population projections | people by age and sex | per revision | 联合国《世界人口展望》 | 预测 |
Model demographic transitions as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 社会与信息风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- Civil unrest
- Supply-chain disruption （在下游引发）
- Currency crisis （在下游引发）
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-9情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）NS-11验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）NS-12软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品（供应链、模型卡、数据集说明）NRS-H117危害类别：社会凝聚力与暴行风险（NHS-1 soc.cohesion）NRS-X7信息完整性与公众信任NRS-D2社会、包容与人类发展风险NRS-H52危害类别：信息完整性攻击（NHS-1 cyber.integrity）NRS-H79危害类别：精神卫生危机（NHS-1 health.mental）NRS-H59危害类别：经济冲击与治理失灵（NHS-1 soc.economic）
观测
- WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)
- World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API（仅列作参考）
- 全球可持续发展目标指标数据库（仅列作参考）
- 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数
- Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income
- Number of countries that adopt and implement guarantees for public access to information
示例地理范围
- The Horn of Africa: 253 hexagonal cells
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| 联合国《世界人口展望》 | Population estimates and projections by age and sex | Open, CC BY 3.0 IGO |
| UN World Urbanization Prospects | Urban and rural population | Open, CC BY 3.0 IGO |
| Human Mortality Database and Human Fertility Database | Detailed mortality and fertility series for countries with good data | 开放，CC BY 4.0 |
| National censuses and civil registration | Population counts and vital events | Licence per country |
| WorldPop | Gridded population estimates | 开放，CC BY 4.0 |
How demographic transitions is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in demographic transitions: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Society and Human Development prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Ministries of planning and finance | How to prepare budgets and services for population change | Profiles; projections |
| Ministries of health and social affairs | How much care capacity and pension financing to plan | Demand projections |
| Urban and regional planners | Where population growth will need housing and services | Gridded population and urbanisation evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Demographic profiles and scenario comparisons
- Exposure analyses combining population growth and hazards
- Care and pension demand projections with uncertainty
- Evidence notes for national planning
专家提出的问题。
- How will the size, age structure and distribution of a population change over coming decades?
- How does ageing change vulnerability to heat, disease and isolation?
- Where is migration and urban growth concentrating people, and are services keeping pace?
- How do demographic shifts affect labour markets, pensions and care 系统?
- How do hazards and 气候变化 influence migration decisions?
Fertility, mortality and movement.
Demographic transition describes the shift from high to low birth and death rates as societies develop. Countries are at different stages: some have growing, young populations, while others are ageing rapidly and some are shrinking. Population momentum means that age structure keeps driving growth or decline for decades after fertility changes, so many outcomes are already set in motion.
Ageing raises vulnerability to heat, infectious disease and disruption of care, and older people living alone are especially exposed. Migration responds to economic opportunity, conflict, family networks and environmental change; most migration is internal, from rural to urban areas, and environmental stress usually acts through livelihoods rather than as a single cause. Rapid urban growth can outpace housing and services, increasing informal settlement in hazardous places.
Care is a critical link. As populations age and families become smaller and more dispersed, the informal care that many older people rely on becomes less available, and care workers, often migrants, become essential to resilience in ageing societies.
Projection and its uncertainty.
Population counts
Censuses and civil registration underpin demography; many countries have gaps in registration of births and deaths.
Cohort-component models
Projections follow fertility, mortality and migration assumptions; migration is the hardest to project.
Gridded population
Population grids combine census and imagery to locate people; accuracy varies with input quality.
Limits: projections are conditional on assumptions and become more uncertain further ahead and for smaller areas. Migration data are often incomplete, especially for irregular and temporary movement.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is the demographic dividend?
What is the old-age dependency ratio?
How reliable are population projections?
Is a population projection a forecast?
Does climate change cause migration?
Why does ageing matter for risk?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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