GCRI · Agency

面向技术援助的系统工程

系统 engineering treats an assignment as a system: requirements drawn from the mandate, a breakdown into workstreams, interfaces between experts and institutions, and verification that each deliverable meets what was required. In technical assistance it keeps scope, team, acceptance and handover traceable to one another across the life cycle.

01登记

Systems engineering for technical assistance on the record.

方法记录STEM 方法
  1. 方法系统 工程
  2. 应用于能动性
  3. 规范页面STEM 公共资源
02申请

What systems engineering does here.

系统 engineering is an interdisciplinary approach to designing and managing complex systems over their life cycle. It focuses on requirements, interfaces and interactions so that the whole performs as intended. In governance and institutions and development finance, systems engineering exposes interfaces where failures propagate between components and organisations. It supports designing interconnected infrastructure with explicit dependency management. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.

Tracing terms of reference to deliverables

Each requirement in the terms of reference is given an identifier and linked to the deliverable that meets it, the acceptance criterion and the evidence. Gaps and orphan deliverables become visible before mobilisation, not at payment.

Managing interfaces in multidisciplinary teams

Inputs that one workstream needs from another are recorded as interface agreements with format, owner and date. Changes to one interface are checked for effects on every dependent deliverable.

Gate reviews from inception to handover

Inception, interim and final stages each close with a review against stated criteria. Handover is treated as a verified transition, with the receiving institution’s acceptance recorded.

03地理

东非的人口与危害。

东非的人口密度、夜间灯光和洪水水体,来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的人口与危害

关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Terra EVI(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数,是栖息地状况指标;不衡量物种或生物多样性。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

人口与危害,以东非为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 5 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在打开时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报为模型输出,派生指数为估计值。

图层与日期

  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 增强型植被指数,滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra EVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日

04数据

该方法使用的输入。

Datasets and records used by 系统 engineering on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in 来源登记册.

数据角色标签
Terms of reference and inception reportsRequirements baseline已声明
Deliverable acceptance recordsVerification evidence已报告
Contract variation recordsConfiguration changes to scope and team已发布统计
Responsibility matrices and team rostersAllocation of requirements to holders已声明
Completion and handover recordsClosure of requirements已发布统计
05孪生与级联模拟器

Model systems engineering for technical assistance as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 减少灾害风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 热带气旋
  • 山洪
  • 热浪
  • 冰塞洪水
  • 艾滋病毒流行
  • 地震
  • 风暴潮(在下游引发)
  • 强降雨(在下游引发)
  • 河流洪水(在下游引发)
  • 危险海浪(在下游引发)
  • 大范围停电(在下游引发)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
  • 沿海洪水(在下游引发)
  • 极端火险天气(在下游引发)
  • 野火 (在下游引发)
  • 高温导致的电网压力(在下游引发)
  • 农业干旱(在下游引发)
  • 骤发干旱(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-1 维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-3b 数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-14 符合性及与外部标准的对照
  • NRS-C15 损失、损害与影响核算
  • NRS-H114 危害类别:宏观经济与财政冲击(NHS-1 soc.macro-fiscal)
  • NRS-K20 领域包规范:气候适应(DOMAIN-020)
  • NRS-H54 危害类别:信号与平台中断(NHS-1 cyber.platform)
  • NRS-H65 危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-H119 危害类别:文化遗产损失(NHS-1 soc.heritage)

观测

  • DesInventar 灾害损失数据库(仅列作参考)
  • INFORM Risk Index(仅列作参考)
  • 全球可持续发展目标指标数据库(仅列作参考)
  • EM-DAT 国际灾害数据库(仅列作参考)
  • 每100,000人中因灾害死亡和失踪的人数
  • 每100,000人中因灾害直接受影响的人数
  • 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
  • 灾害造成的关键基础设施损坏
  • 采纳并实施国家减少灾害风险战略的国家数目
  • 为国家减少灾害风险行动提供的国际公共支持总额(仙台指标 F-1)
  • 拥有多灾种预警系统的国家数目
  • 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数

示例地理范围

  • 孟加拉国:134 个六边形单元
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
06验证

结果如何核查。

Each requirement is traced to verification evidence from analysis, inspection, demonstration or test. Independent reviews check completeness at life cycle gates.

核查如何开展
Traceability auditEvery requirement maps to a deliverable and an acceptance record; untraced items are reported as open, not assumed met
Interface reviewInterface agreements are reviewed at each gate for owners, dates and dependent deliverables
Independent gate reviewA reviewer outside the delivery team checks gate criteria before the next stage is authorised by the client
Change controlEvery scope or team change is recorded with its reason, approver and effect on other requirements

Emergent behaviour in open or socio-technical systems may not be captured by requirements. Rigid processes can slow adaptation to change.

07方法与证据

How systems engineering for technical assistance is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

系统模型

The couplings between the systems in systems engineering for technical assistance: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+治理发展融资社区经济R 增强B 平衡
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
09流程

流程如何运行。

Process explorer · Process

Systems engineering for technical assistance: Cascade across systems

8 个步骤4 个阶段

流程

Systems engineering for technical assistance: Cascade across systems

An initial hazard can trigger later risks and events; this illustration draws one cascade across 系统 such as energy, water, ICT, health and transport.

  1. 01 危害

    1. 01Initiating hazardDataset · Requesting institutionCascading risk is the risk that hazard events trigger later risks and events, through chains of interrelated hazards or impacts.
  2. 02 First-order systems

    1. 02Example system: energyModel · System operatorAn example of a system a hazard can hit first. What depends on it is set by a dependency survey.
    2. 03Example system: waterModel · System operatorA second example of a system a hazard can hit first. Its links to other systems are shown as examples only.
  3. 03 Second-order systems

    1. 04Example system: ICTModel · System operatorAn example of a system that may depend on others, for example on backup power. Survey data set the real dependencies.
    2. 05Example system: health servicesModel · System operatorAn example of a system that may depend on water, power and data. Survey data set the real dependencies.
    3. 06Example system: transportModel · System operatorAn example of a system that may depend on ICT, fuel and logistics. Survey data set the real dependencies.
  4. 04 Limiting the cascade

    1. 07Buffers and redundancyStep · Requesting institutionBuffers, redundancy and restoration can limit how far an impact spreads. The OECD report moves from single assets to system resilience.
    2. 08恢复优先次序Decision · Requesting institutionThe responsible party sets which services are restored first, under its own rules.

Outline of an external standard or method, from its public sources. It describes what the framework says, not a record of any run. It does not show that Nexus or any partner performs, certifies or approves a step. A gate is a step of the method, never a Nexus approval. The dependencies are examples. A dependency survey for the place sets them.

10管理责任

由谁维护该方法。

系统科学与建模 stewards 系统 engineering for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.

12问题

问题与解答。

What are the limits of systems engineering in this field?
Emergent behaviour in open or socio-technical systems may not be captured by requirements. Rigid processes can slow adaptation to change.
结果如何核查?
Each requirement is traced to verification evidence from analysis, inspection, demonstration or test. Independent reviews check completeness at life cycle gates.
本页面上的数值是真实的吗?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
该方法还应用于何处?
维持社会运转的 规范方法页面 列出应用该方法的每个平台。
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI能动性组合与准备度
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