- Global Climate 2026
- Chapter 6
Readings from the other desks
The climate baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks’ own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Climate sets the terms for the other systems
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5A strong El Niño on a 1.5 °C background
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 6.1 The other desks’ editions of this subject
- 6.2 Three lenses
- 6.3 Standards, Academy and steward contributions
- 6.4 GCRI reading: the model card
- 6.5 Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
- 6.6 Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 climate readiness pack
- 6.7 Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
- 6.8 Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject
Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.
| Desk | Edition | State | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| GCRI Systems Evidence | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| GRF Public Deliberation | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| GRA Capital Readiness | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Standards Progress | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Academy Capability | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Index Measurement | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit |
6.2Three lenses
One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.
GCRI · KEY T
Technical Truth
The evidence supports reading climate as the condition layer of the WEFH+B system. Warming, gases and ocean heat are at records, the carbon budget for 1.5 °C is nearly spent, and impacts concentrate where adaptation capacity is lowest. Evidence is strongest for global indicators and weakest for regional impacts, adaptation finance and tested capability.
CLI-001 · CLI-005 · WAT-007 · SYS-012
GRF · KEY M
Public Meaning
For most people climate risk arrives as a hotter summer, a failed harvest or a flooded street. The baseline asks that public debate keep the global numbers and the local consequences in view together, and say plainly which values are observed, which are modelled and which are projected.
HLT-008 · FOO-009 · CLI-002
GRA · KEY F
Capital Meaning
Readiness implications only. Event losses are rising, adaptation finance is small beside mitigation finance and the carbon budget is nearly used2036. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.
FIN-010 · CLI-005
NEXUS
Synthesis
The climate system is well measured at the level of global indicators and thinly measured at the level of regional impacts, adaptation spending and tested capability. The 2027 programme should bind regional hazard evidence, test the El Niño compound pathway and track tipping signals before thresholds are crossed.
SYS-012 · C-01 · C-05
6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions
How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for climate. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.
| Quarter | Edition | Question | Boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | State and Agenda | What matters this year, and what is the starting position? | observed baseline stays distinct from planned work |
| Q2 | Evidence and Build | What new evidence and capability exist? | a configured capability is not a validated result |
| Q3 | Stress Test and Readiness | What do scenarios and tests show? | simulated loss or performance is not observed impact |
| Q4 | Annual Synthesis and Renewal | What changed in the year, and what renews? | release follows review, not event publicity deadlines |
| Steward or body | Role | Contribution route |
|---|---|---|
| The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada) | Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T) | science and practice communities · GCRI gateway |
| The Global Risks Forum (GRF) | leadership, dialogue and the Universe programme; public meaning (key M) | policy, Universe and national adoption · GRF gateway |
| The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) | finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F) | finance and insurance · GRA gateway |
| Nexus Standards | preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods | Standards site · working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI |
| Risk Academy | learning pathways tied to the agenda questions | Academy gateway · learning by review |
| Reports sector desks | climate chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, GRA readiness, NXS standards, RA capability | sector editorial board |
Standards drafts used in this edition
- Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary
- Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects
- Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech
Standards calendar to watch
- Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026
- Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027
- Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition
6.4GCRI reading: the model card
GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology
6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.
Every extreme of 2025 was a water event, a food event and a health event at once. Treating climate as an environmental topic understates how it carries risk between systems. This edition asks where a climate shock goes next.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 01
Climate is a condition, not a sector
Two peer-reviewed assessments put the remaining 1.5 °C budget at 130 and 170 GtCO2. The gap between them is smaller than one year of emissions. What matters for planning is that both are nearly spent.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 02
The budget is the clock
Every indicator in this edition rests on long observing records. The authors of the annual indicators update warn that satellite and ocean monitoring is threatened by funding decisions. Keeping the record is the first adaptation.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 03
Measurement is infrastructure
A global mean hides the heat deaths of a city, the dry river of a basin and the empty granary of a region. Early warning exists in 119 countries and is thinnest in small island developing States. Closing that gap is part of the climate baseline.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 04
Impacts are local, the numbers are global
6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 climate readiness pack
The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.
| Item | Register | State at baseline | First 2027 entry |
|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | Climate risk state delta | baseline set by this edition | changes against the baseline |
| E2 | WEFH+B state delta | five global system readings set | indicator updates and freshness |
| E3 | Agenda and Portfolio movement | eight agenda items · 6 proposed objects | admission decisions |
| E4 | Federation delivery register | national chapters in preparation | national chapters |
| E5 | Consortium capability register | national consortia forming | first contributions |
| E6 | Leadership questions and challenges | none yet | first challenge log |
| E7 | Foundry technical state | national environments prepared | first federation cut |
| E8 | Publication candidates | twelve findings carried forward | PUBLISH · HOLD dispositions |
| E9 | Universe readiness | one candidate mission | admission and role spine |
| E10 | Correction register | none | first federation-wide cycle |
Publication dispositions
- Publish
- Hold
- Needs evidence
- Restricted
- Superseded
6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
Instruments and published guidance that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.
- IN FORCE
- ADOPTED
- PUBLISHED · GUIDANCE
- PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY
| Instrument | Body | Scope | Status | Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paris Agreement28 | United Nations | global | IN FORCE | temperature goals |
| Global Stocktake decision45 | UNFCCC | global | ADOPTED 2023 | collective assessment |
| Climate Law43 | European Union | EU | IN FORCE | binding targets |
| IFRS S2 climate-related disclosures27 | IFRS Foundation | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | disclosure |
| ISO 14064-141 | ISO | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | emissions quantification |
| ISO 1409042 | ISO | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | adaptation |
| Early Warnings for All initiative25 | United Nations | global | PUBLISHED · GUIDANCE | early warning by 2027 |
Changed since 2024
- WMO and UNDRR reported 119 countries with multi-hazard early warning systems at COP30 in November 202525
- The 2026 edition of the UNEP Emissions Gap Report was released on 21 October 2026, after the evidence close3346
- The WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 22 of 27 October 2026 reports 2025 concentrations, after the evidence close32
6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
The review behind this edition covers climate assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.
Review protocol
- Question
- What does the published evidence establish about the world’s climate and Earth system and its couplings?
- Sources searched
- agency flagships; monitoring services; peer-reviewed climate and health literature; statistics
- Window
- releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026
- Selection
- sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition
- Next step
- systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027
| Reference | Type | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forster et al.7 | journal article | 2026 | supports | warming, forcing, budget |
| Friedlingstein et al.6 | journal article | 2026 | supports | emissions, budget, sinks |
| Saunois et al.11 | journal article | 2025 | supports | methane budget |
| IPCC AR6 Synthesis Report8 | assessment | 2023 | context | warming, vulnerability |
| Armstrong McKay et al.17 | journal article | 2022 | context | tipping thresholds |
| Richardson et al.18 | journal article | 2023 | context | planetary boundaries |
| Findlay et al.19 | journal article | 2025 | context | ocean acidification boundary |
| Ballester et al.22 | journal article | 2023 | supports | heat deaths in 2022 |
| Barnes et al.23 | journal article | 2026 | supports | attributed heat deaths |
| Zscheischler et al.44 | journal article | 2018 | framework | compound events |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State of the Global Climate 202523 | WMO | 2026 | supports | indicators, extremes |
| Global Climate Highlights 20251 | C3S | 2026 | supports | temperature, sea ice |
| Annual to Decadal Climate Update4 | WMO | 2026 | supports | five-year outlook |
| State of Global Water Resources 202524 | WMO | 2026 | supports | rivers |
| Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems25 | WMO and UNDRR | 2025 | supports | early warning |
| SOFI 202626 | five UN agencies | 2026 | supports | hunger |
| Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 2131 | WMO | 2025 | supports | concentrations |
| European State of the Climate 202530 | C3S and WMO | 2026 | context | Europe |
| Emissions Gap Report 202534 | UNEP | 2025 | context | ambition gap |
| Adaptation Gap Report 202536 | UNEP | 2025 | context | adaptation |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global annual means5 | NOAA | 2026 | context | gas concentrations; post-close |
| GISTEMP v49 | NASA | 2026 | context | temperature series |
| HadCRUT510 | Met Office | 2026 | context | temperature series |
| GHG emissions of all world countries 202512 | JRC | 2025 | supports | all-gas emissions |
| Surface air temperature bulletin, August 202647 | C3S | 2026 | supports | current state |
| ENSO diagnostic discussion, 10 September 202648 | NOAA CPC | 2026 | supports | El Niño outlook |
| Surface air temperature bulletin, September 202613 | C3S | 2026 | context | post-close |
| ENSO diagnostic discussion, 8 October 202614 | NOAA CPC | 2026 | context | post-close |
| Sea Ice Today15 | NSIDC | 2026 | supports | sea ice |
| Global Report on Internal Displacement 202629 | IDMC | 2026 | context | displacement |
| Carbon pricing report39 | World Bank | 2025 | context | carbon prices |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paris Agreement28 | United Nations | 2016 | context | treaty status |
| IFRS S227 | IFRS Foundation | 2023 | context | disclosure |
| Global Stocktake decision45 | UNFCCC | 2023 | context | collective assessment |
| Climate Law43 | European Union | 2021 | context | binding targets |
| ISO 14064-141 | ISO | 2018 | context | emissions quantification |
| ISO 1409042 | ISO | 2019 | context | adaptation |
| Global Landscape of Climate Finance 202520 | CPI | 2025 | supports | finance flows |
| Climate finance provided and mobilised40 | OECD | 2024 | context | public finance |
| Global Tipping Points Report 202516 | University of Exeter | 2025 | context | tipping risk |
| Climate change and health21 | WHO | 2023 | supports | health risks |
| Lancet Countdown 202537 | journal report | 2025 | context | health indicators |
| Global Assessment Report special report38 | UNDRR | 2025 | context | disaster risk |
Where the evidence agrees
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 20Naran, B. et al., Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2025 (23 June 2025). Climate Policy Initiative, London. Observation year 2023. Opened: publication page with the headline figures; the report was not opened. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 3WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025, supplement on extreme events and impacts (May 2026). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Opened in full (PDF). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 6Friedlingstein, P. et al., Global Carbon Budget 2025, Earth System Science Data 18, 3211 to 3288, 2026. Global Carbon Project. DOI 10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026. Observation year 2024 (2025 preliminary). Opened in full (PDF). Accessed 2026-11-03. doi:10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026back
- 28United Nations Treaty Collection (ed.), Paris Agreement, Paris, 12 December 2015 (status page). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2026 (status at access). Opened: status page. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 45UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC, decision 1/CMA.5, outcome of the first global stocktake (December 2023). Bonn. Observation year 2023. The issuer site refused automated access; cited from memory and should be checked. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: European Union, Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality (European Climate Law). Official Journal of the European Union. Observation year 2021. The legal database page did not load; the number and title were cited from memory and should be checked against the Official Journal. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 27IFRS Foundation (ed.), IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures (standard page). International Sustainability Standards Board, London. Observation year 2024 (effective date). Opened: standard page. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO, ISO 14064-1:2018 Greenhouse gases, part 1: specification with guidance at the organisation level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2018. The issuer site refused automated access; the title was cited from memory and should be checked. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO, ISO 14090:2019 Adaptation to climate change, principles, requirements and guidelines. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. The issuer site refused automated access; the title was cited from memory and should be checked. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 25UNDRR and WMO (eds.), Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025 (publication page and press release of 12 November 2025). Geneva. Observation year 2025. Opened: page and press release; the report was not opened. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 33POST-CLOSE, context only: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (ed.), Latest News listing, item of 21 October 2026 on the new UNEP Emissions Gap Report. PIK, Potsdam. Observation year 2026. Opened: news listing (a secondary source for the UNEP report). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 46UNVERIFIED, not opened: POST-CLOSE, context only: UNEP (ed.), Emissions Gap Report 2026 (released 21 October 2026, after the evidence close). United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2026. Not opened; its release is known only from a secondary news item [33] and no figure is taken from it. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 32POST-CLOSE, context only: WMO (ed.), Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 22 (27 October 2026, after the evidence close). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Opened: publication page. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 35UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC secretariat (ed.), Nationally determined contributions synthesis report (2025). Bonn. Observation year 2025. The issuer site refused automated access; no figure is taken from it. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 7Forster, P.M. et al., Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence, Earth System Science Data 18, 3889 to 3933, 2026. DOI 10.5194/essd-18-3889-2026. Observation year 2025. Opened in full (PDF). Accessed 2026-11-03. doi:10.5194/essd-18-3889-2026back
- 11Saunois, M. et al., Global Methane Budget 2000 to 2020, Earth System Science Data 17, 1873 to 1958, 2025. Global Carbon Project. DOI 10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025. Observation year 2020 (decade 2010 to 2019). Opened in full (PDF). Accessed 2026-11-03. doi:10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025back
- 8IPCC (ed.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report (Sixth Assessment Report, longer report). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. Observation year 2011 to 2020 (warming) and 2019 (emissions). Opened in full (PDF). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 17Armstrong McKay, D.I. et al., Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points, Science 377, 2022. Observation year 2022. Opened: abstract through Europe PMC. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 18Richardson, K. et al., Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries, Science Advances 9, 2023. DOI 10.1126/sciadv.adh2458. Observation year 2023. Opened: abstract through Europe PMC. Accessed 2026-11-03. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh2458back
- 19Findlay, H.S. et al., Ocean Acidification: Another Planetary Boundary Crossed, Global Change Biology, June 2025. DOI 10.1111/gcb.70238. Observation year 2020. Opened: abstract through Crossref and Europe PMC. Accessed 2026-11-03. doi:10.1111/gcb.70238back
- 22Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 2023. DOI 10.1038/s41591-023-02419-z. Observation year 2022. Opened: abstract through Europe PMC. Accessed 2026-11-03. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02419-zback
- 23Barnes, G. et al., Heat-related urban mortality attributable to human-induced climate change in Europe from 2000 to 2025, Nature Health 4, 2026. Observation year 2025. Opened: abstract through PubMed and Europe PMC. A preprint version of the study reports different totals (463,730 deaths; 45% to 64%) and is not used. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 44UNVERIFIED, not opened: Zscheischler, J. et al., Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change 8, 2018. Observation year 2018. Cited from memory; the abstract was not retrieved. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025 (publication page and press release of 23 March 2026). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Opened: page and press release; the full report was not opened. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 1Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025 (published 14 January 2026, updated 28 January 2026). ECMWF, Bonn. DOI 10.24381/b3nm-p354. Observation year 2025. Opened in full (PDF). Accessed 2026-11-03. doi:10.24381/b3nm-p354back
- 4WMO (ed.), Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update 2026 to 2035, press release of 28 May 2026 (Met Office as lead centre). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2026 (predictions for 2026 to 2030). Opened: press release; the full update was not opened. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 24WMO (ed.), State of Global Water Resources 2025 (publication page, 17 September 2026). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Opened: publication page with key messages; the full report was not opened. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 26FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (eds.), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026, joint news release of 21 July 2026 (as published by WHO). Rome. Observation year 2025. Opened: news release; the report was not opened. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 31WMO (ed.), Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 21 (16 October 2025). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Opened: publication page and bulletin summary with the headline values (CO2 423.9 ppm, CH4 1942 ppb, N2O 338.0 ppb). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 30C3S and WMO (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025 (landing page). ECMWF, Bonn. Observation year 2025. Opened: landing page. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP (ed.), Emissions Gap Report 2025: Off Target (November 2025). United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2024. The issuer site refused automated access; figures were seen only in search summaries and are not used. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP (ed.), Adaptation Gap Report 2025. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2025. The issuer site refused automated access; no figure is taken from it. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5POST-CLOSE, context only: Lan, X., Tans, P. and Thoning, K.W., Trends in globally averaged CO2, CH4 and N2O, annual mean data files (version of 9 October 2026). NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder. DOI 10.15138/9N0H-ZH07 (CO2). Observation year 2025. Opened: data files. Accessed 2026-11-03. doi:10.15138/9N0H-ZH07back
- 9NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (ed.), GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP v4), global land-ocean annual table. NASA, New York. Observation year 2025. Opened: data table. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10Met Office Hadley Centre and University of East Anglia (eds.), HadCRUT5 analysis, global annual summary series. Met Office, Exeter. Observation year 2025. Opened: data table. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 12Crippa, M. et al., GHG emissions of all world countries 2025 (JRC Science for Policy Report, EUR 40443). European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra. Observation year 2024. Opened in full (PDF). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 47Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Surface air temperature for August 2026 (monthly climate bulletin, September 2026; the page shows no publication date, placed in September 2026 from its file path). ECMWF, Bonn. Observation year 2026. Opened: bulletin page. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 48NOAA Climate Prediction Center, ENSO diagnostic discussion of 10 September 2026. National Weather Service, College Park. Observation year 2026. Opened: discussion page. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 13POST-CLOSE, context only: Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Surface air temperature for September 2026 (monthly climate bulletin, October 2026). ECMWF, Bonn. Observation year 2026. Opened: bulletin page. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 14POST-CLOSE, context only: NOAA Climate Prediction Center, ENSO diagnostic discussion of 8 October 2026. National Weather Service, College Park. Observation year 2026. Opened: discussion page. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 15POST-CLOSE, context only: National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Sea Ice Today, analysis of 7 October 2026 (the 2026 Arctic season). University of Colorado Boulder. Observation year 2026. Opened: the Sea Ice Today front page. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 29Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (ed.), 2026 Global Report on Internal Displacement. IDMC, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Opened: report page; no global disaster displacement total was read. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Bank (ed.), State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. The issuer site refused automated access; no figure is taken from it. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: OECD (ed.), Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013 to 2022. OECD, Paris. Observation year 2022. The issuer site refused automated access; no figure is taken from it. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16Global Tipping Points Report 2025 (160 authors, University of Exeter), key messages. Global Tipping Points project, Exeter. Observation year 2025. Opened: project page with key messages; the full report was not opened. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 21WHO (ed.), Climate change and health, fact sheet (12 October 2023). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Opened: fact sheet. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: Romanello, M. et al., The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change, The Lancet 406, December 2025. Observation year 2024. Only the bibliographic record was read; the full text was not opened and no figure is taken from it. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025, special report. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. The issuer site refused automated access; no figure is taken from it. Accessed 2026-11-03.back