Readings from the other desks
The science and engineering baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks’ own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Science is where the frontier is made
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Loss of trust in the research record during a fast-moving emergency
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 6.1 The other desks’ editions of this subject
- 6.2 Three lenses
- 6.3 Standards, Academy and steward contributions
- 6.4 GCRI reading: the model card
- 6.5 Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
- 6.6 Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 science and engineering readiness pack
- 6.7 Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
- 6.8 Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject
Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.
| Desk | Edition | State | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| GCRI Systems Evidence | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| GRF Public Deliberation | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| GRA Capital Readiness | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Standards Progress | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Academy Capability | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Index Measurement | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit |
6.2Three lenses
One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.
GCRI · KEY T
Technical Truth
The evidence supports reading science and engineering as the discovery layer of the WEFH+B system. Funding, people and compute are concentrated, output keeps rising and the record is under integrity pressure. Evidence is strongest for spending, output and capacity, and weakest for replication, open-access reuse and research security.
DAT-003 · GOV-005 · INF-008 · SYS-012
GRF · KEY M
Public Meaning
For most people science arrives as a medicine, a forecast or a news story. The baseline asks that public debate keep in view that the researchers who make the results are very unevenly spread, and that the record can be wrong and corrected.
DAT-003 · HLT-011 · GOV-005
GRA · KEY F
Capital Meaning
Readiness implications only. R&D spending is large, venture investment was USD 354 billion in 2024 and public programmes are multi-year124. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an authorisation.
FIN-001 · FIN-002
NEXUS
Synthesis
The research system is well measured at the level of spending, people and output and thinly measured at the level of replication, reuse and integrity. The 2027 programme should bind regional capacity evidence, test the trust shock, and map long-lead facilities before they become gaps.
SYS-012 · F-01 · F-04
6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions
How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for science and engineering. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.
| Quarter | Edition | Question | Boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | State and Agenda | What matters this year, and what is the starting position? | observed baseline stays distinct from planned work |
| Q2 | Evidence and Build | What new evidence and capability exist? | a configured capability is not a validated result |
| Q3 | Stress Test and Readiness | What do scenarios and tests show? | simulated loss or performance is not observed impact |
| Q4 | Annual Synthesis and Renewal | What changed in the year, and what renews? | release follows review, not event publicity deadlines |
| Steward or body | Role | Contribution route |
|---|---|---|
| The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada) | Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T) | science and practice communities · GCRI gateway |
| The Global Risks Forum (GRF) | leadership, dialogue and the Universe programme; public meaning (key M) | policy, Universe and national adoption · GRF gateway |
| The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) | finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F) | finance and insurance · GRA gateway |
| Nexus Standards | preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods | Standards site · working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI |
| Risk Academy | learning pathways tied to the agenda questions | Academy gateway · learning by review |
| Reports sector desks | science chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, GRA readiness, NXS standards, RA capability | sector editorial board |
Standards drafts used in this edition
- Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary
- Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects
- Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech
Standards calendar to watch
- Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026
- Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027
- Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition
6.4GCRI reading: the model card
GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology
6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.
Every health, food and climate decision rests on results made somewhere else. Treating research as a line in a budget understates how it carries knowledge between systems. This edition asks where a failure in the research record goes next.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 01
Science is a coupling, not a sector
Spending, researchers, instruments and data are four different things, and each is concentrated. Measuring the whole chain is the first step toward seeing which regions can use the frontier and which only receive it.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 02
Capacity is wider than spending
Papers, preprints and archives work like shared infrastructure for health and policy. Retraction waves and paper-mill case studies show that it needs maintenance, and that the share affected is not yet known.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 03
The record is now an infrastructure
AI is a growing share of research output, and agents still reach only about half of expert scores on research tasks. Compute has doubled about every six months for a decade. The question for 2027 is how the record keeps its quality as the work speeds up.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 04
AI changes the work, not only the tools
6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 science and engineering readiness pack
The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.
| Item | Register | State at baseline | First 2027 entry |
|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | Science and Engineering Frontier risk state delta | baseline set by this edition | changes against the baseline |
| E2 | WEFH+B state delta | five global system readings set | indicator updates and freshness |
| E3 | Agenda and Portfolio movement | eight agenda items · 6 proposed objects | admission decisions |
| E4 | Federation delivery register | national chapters in preparation | national chapters |
| E5 | Consortium capability register | national consortia forming | first contributions |
| E6 | Leadership questions and challenges | none yet | first challenge log |
| E7 | Foundry technical state | national environments prepared | first federation cut |
| E8 | Publication candidates | twelve findings carried forward | PUBLISH · HOLD dispositions |
| E9 | Universe readiness | one candidate mission | admission and role spine |
| E10 | Correction register | none | first federation-wide cycle |
Publication dispositions
- Publish
- Hold
- Needs evidence
- Restricted
- Superseded
6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
Instruments and published guidance that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. Nexus standards drafts used for terms and evidence classes are cited as preparatory working draft (2026). The edition assesses no one’s compliance.
- ADOPTED
- PUBLISHED · GUIDANCE
- PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY
- NOT VERIFIED
| Instrument | Body | Scope | Status | Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science25 | UNESCO | 193 Member States | ADOPTED 2021 | open science |
| UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI26 | UNESCO | 193 Member States | ADOPTED 2021 | AI ethics |
| UNESCO Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers37 | UNESCO | Member States | ADOPTED 2017 · NOT VERIFIED | researcher status |
| WHO global guidance framework for the responsible use of the life sciences18 | WHO | global | PUBLISHED · GUIDANCE | dual-use research |
| Independent scientific panel and dialogue on AI (resolution 79/325)28 | UN General Assembly | global | ADOPTED 2025 · NOT VERIFIED | AI governance |
| Pact for the Future and Global Digital Compact (resolution 79/1)29 | UN General Assembly | global | ADOPTED 2024 · NOT VERIFIED | digital governance |
| Regulation (EU) 2024/168930 | European Union | EU | PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL JOURNAL 2024 · NOT VERIFIED | AI rules |
| Framework Convention on AI31 | Council of Europe | Council of Europe | ADOPTED 2024 · NOT VERIFIED | AI governance |
| ISO/IEC 42001 AI management system32 | ISO and IEC | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | AI governance |
| ISO/IEC 17025 testing and calibration laboratories33 | ISO and IEC | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | laboratory quality |
| Declaration on Research Assessment38 | DORA signatories | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | research assessment |
| Biological Weapons Convention41 | United Nations | States Parties | IN FORCE 1975 · NOT VERIFIED | prohibition |
| Nexus evidence classes and finding grammar | Nexus Standards | Nexus programme | preparatory working draft (2026) | terms and evidence classes |
Changed since 2024
6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
The review behind this edition covers science and engineering assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.
Review protocol
- Question
- What does the published evidence establish about the world’s science and engineering enterprise and its couplings?
- Sources searched
- agency and academy reports; peer-reviewed science-of-science literature; statistics and open data services
- Window
- releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026
- Selection
- sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition
- Next step
- systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027
| Reference | Type | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Richardson et al.14 | journal article | 2025 | supports | paper-mill fraud |
| Park, Leahey and Funk15 | journal article | 2023 | context | disruptiveness of papers and patents |
| Open Science Collaboration16 | journal article | 2015 | supports | replication in psychology |
| Abramson et al.11 | journal article | 2024 | supports | structure prediction |
| Jumper et al.35 | journal article | 2021 | context | earlier structure model |
| Google Quantum AI10 | journal article | 2024 | supports | error correction |
| Sevilla et al.13 | conference paper | 2022 | supports | compute trends |
| Baker34 | news feature | 2016 | context | researcher survey on reproducibility |
| Bloom et al.42 | journal article | 2020 | context | research productivity |
| Wuchty, Jones and Uzzi43 | journal article | 2007 | context | team science |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicators 2026: State of U.S. S&E1 | NSB and NCSES | 2026 | supports | R&D, output, talent |
| AI Index Report 20268 | Stanford HAI | 2026 | supports | AI and compute |
| AI Index 2026, Science chapter9 | Stanford HAI | 2026 | supports | AI in science |
| UNESCO Science Report36 | UNESCO | 2021 | context | global science policy |
| Frascati Manual39 | OECD | 2015 | context | R&D definitions |
| World Intellectual Property Indicators40 | WIPO | 2025 | context | patent filings |
| Co-Scientist27 | preprint | 2025 | context | AI hypothesis generation |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Researchers and R&D intensity2 | UNESCO Institute for Statistics | 2026 | supports | capacity |
| Development indicators3 | World Bank | 2026 | supports | R&D, articles, patents |
| Retraction notices and article counts6 | Crossref | 2026 | supports | integrity and volume |
| Monthly submissions5 | arXiv | 2026 | supports | preprint volume |
| Preprint API7 | bioRxiv and medRxiv | 2026 | supports | biology preprints |
| Objects launched into outer space21 | Our World in Data from UNOOSA | 2026 | context | space activity |
| R&D data release44 | UNESCO Institute for Statistics | 2025 | context | earlier release |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOP500 list, June 20264 | TOP500 project | 2026 | supports | exascale systems |
| Future Circular Collider study19 | CERN | 2025 | supports | long-lead facility |
| Ignition at the National Ignition Facility20 | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | 2022 | context | laboratory ignition |
| Protein Data Bank holdings22 | RCSB | 2026 | supports | structure archive |
| GBIF occurrence records23 | GBIF | 2026 | supports | species data |
| AlphaFold database in 202412 | EMBL-EBI and partners | 2024 | supports | predicted structures |
| Global guidance framework on dual-use research18 | WHO | 2022 | supports | dual-use governance |
| Horizon Europe24 | European Commission | 2026 | context | public programme |
| Biological Weapons Convention41 | United Nations | 1972 | context | prohibition |
| Science and scientific researchers recommendation37 | UNESCO | 2017 | context | researcher status |
Where the evidence agrees
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 1NSB (ed.), Science and Engineering Indicators 2026: The State of U.S. Science and Engineering (NSB-SEP-2026-1), May 2026, National Science Board and National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, US National Science Foundation, Alexandria. Full PDF opened; global R&D, publications, collaboration, venture investment, semiconductor and doctoral-degree figures read from the text. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 24European Commission (ed.), Horizon Europe, programme page (indicative funding of EUR 93.5 billion for 2021 to 2027 after the mid-term review). European Commission, Brussels. Page read. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 25UNESCO (ed.), UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science, 2021, programme page (193 Member States). UNESCO, Paris. Page read; the Recommendation text itself returned an access error. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 26UNESCO (ed.), Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, November 2021, programme page (193 Member States). UNESCO, Paris. Page read; the text itself was not opened. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNESCO (ed.), Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers, 2017, cited from memory. UNESCO, Paris. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 18WHO (ed.), Global guidance framework for the responsible use of the life sciences: mitigating biorisks and governing dual-use research, 174 pages, 2022. World Health Organization, Geneva. Publication page and overview read; the full text was not opened. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 28UNVERIFIED, not opened: UN General Assembly, resolution 79/325, Terms of reference and modalities for the establishment and functioning of the Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial Intelligence and the Global Dialogue on Artificial Intelligence Governance, 2025; adoption in 2025 taken from search-result summaries, because the document page returned no text. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 29UNVERIFIED, not opened: UN General Assembly, resolution 79/1, Pact for the Future, including the Global Digital Compact, 2024, cited from memory. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 30UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence, Official Journal of the European Union, 2024, cited from memory; the publication page returned a pending response. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 31UNVERIFIED, not opened: Council of Europe, Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, 2024, cited from memory. Council of Europe, Strasbourg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 32UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO/IEC 42001:2023, Artificial intelligence management system; the catalogue page returned an access error. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO/IEC 17025:2017, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA), 2012, cited from memory. DORA, San Francisco. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, 1972, cited from memory. United Nations, Geneva. Observation year 1972. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 9Stanford HAI (ed.), The 2026 AI Index Report, Chapter 5 Science, chapter page with its highlights. Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford. Page read; the chapter PDF was not opened. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 4TOP500 project (ed.), TOP500 list, 67th edition, June 2026 (release text read in full for the leading systems). TOP500, Prometeus GmbH. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 14Richardson, R.A.K. et al., The entities enabling scientific fraud at scale are large, resilient, and growing rapidly, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122(32), 2025 (abstract and open full text record read through Europe PMC). National Academy of Sciences, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 15Park, M., Leahey, E. and Funk, R.J., Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time, Nature 613, 138 to 144, 2023 (abstract read through Europe PMC; full text not opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16Open Science Collaboration, Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science, Science 349(6251), aac4716, 2015 (abstract read through Europe PMC; full text not opened). American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 11Abramson, J. et al., Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3, Nature 630, 493 to 500, 2024 (abstract and open full text read through Europe PMC). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 35UNVERIFIED, not opened: Jumper, J. et al., Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold, Nature 596, 583 to 589, 2021, cited from memory. Springer Nature, London. No figure from it is used. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, arXiv 2408.13687 (full text opened) and Nature 638, 920 to 926, 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 13Sevilla, J. et al., Compute Trends Across Three Eras of Machine Learning, arXiv 2202.05924, 2022 (abstract page read). Cornell University, Ithaca. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: Baker, M., 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility, Nature 533, 452 to 454, 2016; the article is behind a subscription and only its bibliographic record was checked. Springer Nature, London. No figure from it is used. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bloom, N., Jones, C.I., Van Reenen, J. and Webb, M., Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find?, American Economic Review 110(4), 1104 to 1144, 2020, cited from memory. American Economic Association, Nashville. No figure from it is used. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: Wuchty, S., Jones, B.F. and Uzzi, B., The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge, Science 316(5827), 1036 to 1039, 2007, cited from memory. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington. No figure from it is used. Observation year 2007. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 8Stanford HAI (ed.), The 2026 AI Index Report, overview page with the ten top takeaways. Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford. Page read; the report PDF was not opened. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNESCO (ed.), UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030, 2021 edition, cited from memory. UNESCO, Paris. No figure from it is used. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: OECD (ed.), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, cited from memory. OECD Publishing, Paris. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: WIPO (ed.), World Intellectual Property Indicators 2025, cited from memory; the opened World Bank series draws on WIPO data. World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva. No figure from it is used. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 27Gottweis, J. et al., Accelerating scientific discovery with Co-Scientist, arXiv 2502.18864 (version 2, 2026; abstract read through the arXiv API). Cornell University, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2UNESCO Institute for Statistics (ed.), UIS data API, data version 20260507 (February 2026 data release): indicators EXPGDP.TOT, RESDEN.INHAB.TFTE and FRESP.THC, world and regional aggregates. UNESCO, Montreal. Data pulled and read. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 3DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators API (series updated 2026-10-08, after the 30 September evidence close; cited as the position at access): GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS, SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6, IP.JRN.ARTC.SC, IP.PAT.RESD, IP.PAT.NRES, world values. World Bank, Washington. Data pulled and read. Observation year 2023 (patents 2024, researchers 2020). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 6Crossref (ed.), Crossref REST API, work counts by type and publication year and counts of retraction notices (update-type filter), queried live on the access date. Crossref, Oxford. Counts are subject to later registration. Observation year 2025 (series 2015 to 2025). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5POST-CLOSE, context only: arXiv (ed.), Monthly submissions statistics (monthly CSV, 1991 to November 2026; annual totals summed by the editors). Cornell University, Ithaca. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 7bioRxiv (ed.), bioRxiv and medRxiv content detail API, new-paper counts for 2024 and 2025. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 21Our World in Data (ed.), Yearly number of objects launched into outer space (data compiled from the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, CSV read). Global Change Data Lab, Oxford. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 44UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (ed.), R&D (SDG 9.5) data release, February 2025; the page returned a script challenge, and 1.95% of GDP in 2022 and 31.1% women among researchers were seen only in search-result summaries and are not used. UNESCO, Montreal. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 19CERN (ed.), Future Circular Collider, feasibility study page (results published in spring 2025: 91 km ring, estimated cost CHF 15 billion). CERN, Geneva. Page read. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 20Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (ed.), Achieving Fusion Ignition, National Ignition Facility page (ignition reached on 5 December 2022). LLNL, Livermore. Page read. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 22RCSB Protein Data Bank (ed.), Current holdings, list of entry identifiers (262,922 entries counted by the editors on the access date). Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 23GBIF (ed.), GBIF API, occurrence count and counts by year (3,890,294,224 records on the access date; 305,893,347 dated 2025). Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 12Varadi, M. et al., AlphaFold Protein Structure Database in 2024: providing structure coverage for over 214 million protein sequences, Nucleic Acids Research 52 (database issue), 368 to 375, 2024 (abstract read through Europe PMC). Oxford University Press, Oxford. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back