Reports · GCRI · Established
Space and Earth observation · Climate and hazards
Antariksa dan Pengamatan Bumi di Reports
Antariksa sistem and the Earth-observation technologies used for risk intelligence and sustainable development. This page shows the series it feeds, the evidence behind it and how to contribute.
- Seri
- 2
- Sistem
- 4
- Metode
- 7
01In brief
What this area brings to the editions.
Antariksa sistem and the Earth-observation technologies used for risk intelligence and sustainable development.
02Bidang
Space and Earth Observation on the map.
Peta interaktif memerlukan JavaScript. Daftar lapisan dan sumber tersedia di bawah.
Lapisan 2
Observasi Bumi, untuk halaman ini
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati
- Sumber
- Reflektansi terkoreksi VIIRS NOAA-20 (NASA LANCE)
- Penyedia
- NASA LANCE
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; citra satelit
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 250 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Citra satelit. Raster satelit atau model sebagaimana diterbitkan penyedia. Awan, celah jalur sapuan, dan galat pengambilan data menyisakan celah dan derau; nilai-nilainya adalah indikator, bukan pengukuran di suatu tempat.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Dimodelkan (tahun terbaru yang diterbitkan GIBS)
- Sumber
- MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)
- Penyedia
- NASA LP DAAC
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- tahunan; klasifikasi satelit; tahun terbaru yang diterbitkan GIBS
- Terbaru saat build
- 2024-01-01
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 500 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Kelas tutupan lahan satelit untuk tahun yang ditampilkan, termasuk lahan pertanian; klasifikasi dengan kesalahan yang diketahui, bukan register pertanian.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati (awan menyisakan celah)
- Sumber
- MODIS Terra EVI (NASA LANCE)
- Penyedia
- NASA LANCE
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; indeks satelit; awan menyisakan celah
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-13
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 250 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Indeks vegetasi satelit selama 8 hari hingga tanggal yang ditampilkan, indikator kondisi habitat; bukan ukuran spesies atau keanekaragaman hayati.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Estimasi
- Sumber
- Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Universitas Columbia))
- Penyedia
- NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Universitas Columbia)
- Lisensi
- CC BY 4.0
- Tahun data
- produk statis; estimasi berbasis sensus, statis (2020)
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 1 km
- Ketidakpastian
- Estimasi berbasis sensus jumlah penduduk per kilometer persegi pada 2020, ditampilkan sebagai konteks keterpaparan; bukan hitungan orang yang terdampak bahaya apa pun.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati (awan menyisakan celah)
- Sumber
- MODIS Terra NDVI (NASA LANCE)
- Penyedia
- NASA LANCE
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; indeks satelit; awan menyisakan celah
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-13
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 250 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Indeks kehijauan satelit selama 8 hari hingga tanggal yang ditampilkan; indikator kondisi tanaman pangan dan padang rumput, bukan estimasi hasil panen atau peringatan ketahanan pangan.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati
- Sumber
- VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)
- Penyedia
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; radiansi satelit, dikoreksi untuk cahaya bulan dan atmosfer
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 500 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Pancaran radiasi satelit pada malam hari untuk tanggal yang ditampilkan; cahaya adalah proksi penggunaan listrik dan pemadaman, bukan ukuran pasokan atau akses.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Papan ketik, dengan peta terfokus
Tahan Ctrl atau ⌘ dan gulir untuk memperbesar
Terbaru yang tersedia
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © kontributor OpenStreetMap (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Memuat citra NASA terbaru.
Seret untuk menggeser. Ctrl atau ⌘ dan gulir, cubit, atau gunakan tombol untuk memperbesar. Arahkan kursor untuk melihat nilai di bawah penunjuk. Setel ulang untuk kembali ke wilayah.
Pengamatan Bumi, dibingkai pada Arktik.Produk satelit dan model sebagaimana diterbitkan NASA, masing-masing dengan tanggalnya sendiri. Produk ini adalah indikator, bukan penilaian atas tempat mana pun.
Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © kontributor OpenStreetMap · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · U.S. Geological Survey · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT
Sumber dan lisensi
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
- Produk near-real-time VIIRS (banjir, suhu permukaan daratan, tutupan salju, reflektansi terkoreksi), NASA LANCE. Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
- MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Dilisensikan di bawah CC BY 4.0. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- Cahaya malam VIIRS Black Marble, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Didistribusikan oleh NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC). Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
- ASTER GDEM adalah produk METI dan NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC). Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Kutip sebagai: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. Data terbuka NASA
- Dibuat dengan Natural Earth. Data peta vektor dan raster gratis @ naturalearthdata.com. Domain publik
- © kontributor OpenStreetMap (ODbL), melalui NASA GIBS (garis pantai, batas wilayah, jalan, dan nama tempat). Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). ODbL
- Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory. Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
- Konteks pada globe dan peta datar: garis pantai, batas wilayah, jalan, dan nama tempat dari lapisan acuan NASA GIBS (data OpenStreetMap, ODbL, © kontributor OpenStreetMap). Citra Blue Marble sebagai peta dasar opsional. Medan 3D dan keterangan elevasi dari indeks warna elevasi ASTER GDEM (kelas 5 m hingga 200 m, dilebih-lebihkan agar terbaca). Batas wilayah digambar sebagaimana diterbitkan dan tidak menyiratkan posisi atas wilayah mana pun.
- Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © kontributor MapLibre.
- Peristiwa langsung: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET). Peristiwa bersifat indikatif dan mempertahankan tautan sumber aslinya.
- Langsung: NASA EONET. Peristiwa bersifat indikatif, bukan peringatan otoritas.
- Langsung: U.S. Geological Survey. Peristiwa bersifat indikatif, bukan peringatan otoritas.
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Setahun terakhir, suhu harian dan penyinaran matahari (NASA POWER): Data ini diperoleh dari Proyek POWER NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) yang didanai melalui NASA Earth Science/Applied Science Program..
- Data cuaca oleh Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), dilisensikan di bawah CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
- Lapisan opsional (12 sumber dalam daftar lapisan: langsung, prakiraan, teramati, dan konteks) mencantumkan kredit penyedianya di peta dan di sini saat diaktifkan; prakiraan adalah keluaran model dan indeks turunan adalah estimasi.
Lapisan dan tanggal
- Warna asli: reflektansi terkoreksi VIIRS NOAA-20, NASA LANCE · 13 Okt 2026
- Tipe tutupan lahan (IGBP), tahunan: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- Indeks vegetasi yang ditingkatkan, rata-rata bergulir 8 hari: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Okt 2026
- Kepadatan penduduk, 2020: Penduduk: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · statis
- Kehijauan vegetasi (NDVI), bergulir 8 hari: MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Okt 2026
- Cahaya malam, harian: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Okt 2026
03In the editions
9 findings of the drafted editions that bear on Space and Earth Observation.
Drawn from the Baseline Edition 2026 drafts through the sistem this area reads. Each opens at its anchor in its edition, with its numbered sources.
- AREUni Emirat ArabNet greenhouse-gas emissions were 195.2 Mt CO₂e in 2022 including land use, 0.8% below 2019; energy gave 164.1 Mt, industrial processes 29.6 Mt and waste 5.6 Mt, and land use removed 6.6 Mt.REPORTED · COUNTRY-ARE-CLI-001
- ARGArgentinaThe national inventory reports 400.9 MtCO₂e including land use for 2022, and 377.8 MtCO₂e net on the climate-contribution basis.REPORTED · COUNTRY-ARG-CLI-001
- AUUni AfrikaWMO reported 2024 as one of the warmest years on record for Africa, and the warmest decade; CO2 emissions were 0.70 tonnes per person in 2024.REPORTED · COUNTRY-AU-CLI-011
- AUSAustraliaGreenhouse-gas emissions excluding land use were 591.5 Mt CO₂e in 2024, against 605.2 Mt in 2019 and 579.5 Mt in 2020.REPORTED · COUNTRY-AUS-CLI-001
- BRABrasilGross greenhouse-gas emissions fell 16.7% in 2024 to 2,145 Mt CO₂e, led by lower land-use change; net emissions were 1.49 Gt CO₂e. SEEG is a civil-society estimate, not the official inventory.REPORTED · COUNTRY-BRA-CLI-001
- CHESwissGreenhouse-gas emissions were 40.1 MtCO₂e in 2024, 27.3% below 1990 and 22.3% below when land use is included; transport emitted 13.4 MtCO₂e and international aviation and maritime a further 5.5 MtCO₂e outside the 2030 target.REPORTED · COUNTRY-CHE-CLI-001
- CHNTiongkokThe national mean temperature was 10.9 °C in 2025, 1.0 °C above the 1991 to 2020 normal and tied with 2024 as the highest since 1951; hot days averaged 16.5, the most since 1961.REPORTED · COUNTRY-CHN-CLI-001
- EUUni EropaNet domestic greenhouse-gas emissions were 40% below 1990 in 2024 and 3% below 2023; on the 2030 target basis the cut was 37%.REPORTED · COUNTRY-EU-CLI-001
- GS-02Energi GlobalEnergy-related CO2 emissions rose about 0.4% in 2025 to a record of more than 38 Gt.REPORTED · SECTOR-ENERGY-GLOBAL-CLI-004
04Evidence path
From Foundry evidence to the series.
The evidence, step by step, from the sistem this area reads to the series it feeds.
How Space and Earth Observation reaches Laporan: what it reads, how it reads it, the sealed cut and the series it feeds.
| Langkah | Apa yang terjadi | Sumber |
|---|---|---|
| 01 What it reads | Space and Earth Observation reads NXS-EOP (observasi bumi dan kembaran digital) , dan NXS-OPS (instrumen, sensor, dan kalibrasi): governed sources with their releases, never a value without its source. | |
| 02 How it reads them | Earth observation and remote sensing and Space systems and satellite services turn the evidence into findings, with assumptions and limits stated beside each value. | |
| 03 The cut is sealed | Each quarter the evidence is sealed in one cut, so OBSERVED, REPORTED and ESTIMATED values stay apart and every edition can be rebuilt. | |
| 04 The series it feeds | The cut feeds Observatory Signal and Exponential Technology, from the Baseline Edition 2026 into the quarterly series. | |
| 05 Who decides | Decisions stay with the authorities that hold them, under their own rules; an edition informs a decision and never makes it. |
A teaching model of the evidence path, not a forecast and not a record of any run; the systems, methods and series named come from the registries. Sources: Antariksa dan Pengamatan Bumi di Reports (2026); Space and Earth Observation home (2026).
05Seri
The series it feeds, and what backs each.
| Seri | Foundry systems it draws on | Academy disciplines | Series home |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sinyal Observatorium | NXS-OPS calibrated primary observations and their uncertainty budgets NXS-EWS (pemantauan dan peringatan multi-bahaya) whether an anomaly was forecast and how well NXS-EOP observational change products that corroborate a signal NXS-SIG spectrum and timing anomalies that affect dependent services | Analisis geospasial, observasi Bumi, dan GeoAI Ilmu iklim, variabilitas, dan perubahan Antariksa sistem, space weather and navigation | Observatory Signal series home |
| Teknologi Eksponensial | NXS-NXQ (perangkat lunak, model, dan siklus hidup kapabilitas) the capability catalogue and fitness assessments of machine capabilities NXS-LAB (penelitian, eksperimen, dan simulasi) benchmark comparisons and experiment records for fast-changing technologies | Kecerdasan buatan dan pembelajaran mesin Tata kelola inovasi dan teknologi garda depan Teknologi kuantum | Exponential Technology series home |
06Backed by
The systems, methods and teaching behind it.
- NXS-EOPNXS-EOPNXS-EOPRooms: Acquisition, Change.
- NXS-OPSNXS-OPSNXS-OPSRooms: Instruments, Metrology.
- NXS-SIGNXS-SIGNXS-SIGRooms: Spectrum, PNT Integrity.
- NXS-GRXNXS-GRXThe Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX)NXS-GRX
- Metode STEMSTEM Commonsobservasi Bumi dan penginderaan jauhThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsSistem antariksa dan layanan satelitThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsSistem informasi geospasialThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsStatistik spasial dan geostatistikThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsKomputasi berkinerja tinggi, cloud, dan edgeThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsTeknologi komunikasi dan jaringanThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Academy disciplineRisk AcademySistem antariksa, cuaca antariksa, dan navigasiFakultas Teknologi dan Sistem Digital
- Academy disciplineRisk AcademyAnalisis geospasial, observasi Bumi, dan GeoAIFakultas Ilmu dan Metode Risiko
- BidangGCRIIklim dan bahayaThe field across science, governance and finance.
07Di seluruh Konsorsium
Where the same subject is reported elsewhere.
- Counterpart · GRFLaporanDiplomacy NexusShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRFLaporanTata Kelola Iklim dan AlamShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanInsurance NexusShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanBanking NexusShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanAsset Management NexusShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanReasuransi dan KatastrofeShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanRisiko Keuangan Iklim dan AlamShared: Climate and hazards.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsGeospasial dan observasi BumiSpace and Earth observation. Parts NS-3b, NS-5, NS-3.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsStandar bahaya hidrometeorologiHazards and disaster risk reduction. Parts NS-0, NS-3, NS-3b, NS-11.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsStandar risiko cuaca antariksa, spektrum, dan pewaktuanHazards and disaster risk reduction. Parts NS-0, NS-3, NS-9, NS-11.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsWMO dan layanan hidrometeorologiEarly warning and anticipatory action. Parts NS-3, NS-9, NS-11.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsUNOOSA dan antariksaSpace and Earth observation. Parts NS-3, NS-9.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsStandar risiko iklimClimate and Earth systems. Parts NS-0, NS-1, NS-3, NS-3b, NS-9, NS-11, NS-14.
09Berkontribusi
Contribute on Space and Earth Observation.
Evidence, a case, a correction, a method or profile input on this subject. The composer tags it with this area and its series.
Contribution composer
Write a contribution the editor can act on.
Say what it is, where its record is kept and on which licence. It arrives tagged with this page, its area and its gateway, so it reaches the editor who owns it.
Your email opens with the subject and a template already filled in for GW-GCRI.
- Bukti
- Koreksi
- Studi kasus
- Analysis or method
- Tinjauan sejawat
- Penerjemahan
- Profile input
Never send personal data or sensitive infrastructure detail. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights.
10Sains terbuka
Open science for Space and Earth Observation.
How a contribution on this subject is deposited, identified, credited, licensed and found, and the metadata for it prefilled from this page.
Space and Earth Observation’s open record
- Bidang
- Antariksa dan Pengamatan Bumi
- Feeds
- Observatory Signal, Exponential Technology
- Catatan
- A UNI for every accepted contribution; cited with its DOI in the edition that uses it
- Tautan
- isSupplementTo the edition it informs; isNewVersionOf its earlier version
- Lisensi
- CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0
Credit and identity
- ORCID
- Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
- ROR
- Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone
- CRediT
- Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing
- Akun
- None needed to contribute; never a password
Find and follow
Search the open indexes for Space and Earth Observation; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.
Mirrors and harvest
The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.
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}11Terbaru
Releases for this area.
Releases tagged to this area appear here once released.
LaporanBerkontribusi
Send evidence on Space and Earth Observation.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) Sistem Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). Apa yang Anda ketahui tentang topik ini dapat menjadi bukti, studi kasus, atau koreksi pada edisi berikutnya, dengan mencantumkan nama Anda dan diterbitkan di bawah CC BY 4.0 jika itu karya Anda sendiri. Jika terkirim ke meja yang salah, kiriman diteruskan, bukan ditolak.
Meja Bukti Sistem GCRIAntariksa dan Pengamatan BumiSinyal ObservatoriumTeknologi Eksponensial
- SurelGerbang GW-GCRIKirim dari halaman iniBukti, koreksi, kasus, metode, tinjauan, terjemahan, atau masukan profil. Kiriman tiba dengan label halaman ini, sehingga editor pemiliknya menerimanya.
- ZenodoDeposit terbukaDeposit dan ajukan ke komunitasTerbitkan catatan Anda sendiri di Zenodo dengan ORCID iD Anda, lalu ajukan ke komunitas Reports di sana. Kurator meninjaunya; DOI tetap milik Anda.
- LaporanGCRILihat meja mana yang menangani keperluan AndaTabel perutean membuka halaman kontribusi: apa yang Anda miliki, meja yang menerimanya, bagaimana setiap kontribusi ditinjau dan dikreditkan, serta lisensinya.
Jangan pernah mengirim data pribadi, rincian infrastruktur sensitif, atau apa pun yang tidak berhak Anda bagikan. Kontribusi ditinjau sebelum digunakan. Mengirimkannya tidak memberikan hak kepenulisan atau editorial, dan sponsor tidak pernah membeli sebuah temuan.
Terkait
Around the reports at GCRI.
Reports · GCRI
Bring what you know to the next edition.
Every quarter closes on a sealed evidence cut. Contributions received before the cut are reviewed for that edition; later ones wait for the next.
Hukum
Dokumen hukum.
Peta, data, dan gambar di situs ini ditampilkan untuk konteks dan informasi umum. Semua itu bukan nasihat, prakiraan, atau peringatan; batasan informasinya dijelaskan dalam Penafian dan Pemberitahuan Data.
CC BY 4.0 Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.