GCRI · 海洋与海岸
渔业与生计
Fisheries and aquaculture feed billions of people and employ millions, many in small-scale fisheries in coastal and island communities. Overfishing, illegal fishing, climate-driven shifts in stocks and 栖息地丧失 threaten both food and livelihoods. This page sets out how fish stocks and fishing communities respond to pressure, how stock status and catch are measured, and what evidence serves the fisheries managers and communities involved.
Fisheries and livelihoods: how the risk develops.
Fish stocks, food security and local economies. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Fishing beyond sustainable levels
When catches exceed what a stock can replace, biomass declines and future catches fall. Subsidies and open access can sustain overfishing after it stops being profitable.
Stocks move with warming
Fish shift toward cooler water and higher latitudes. Fisheries lose stocks they managed, gain new ones, and agreements between countries no longer match where fish are.
Illegal and unreported fishing
Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing undermines management, depletes stocks and takes catch from legitimate and small-scale fishers.
Small-scale fishers carry the risk
Small-scale fishers often lack insurance, savings and alternatives. Stock declines, storms and market shocks hit their income and food security first.
太平洋岛国的海洋状况。
太平洋岛国的海洋热浪、叶绿素和海温，来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页当前的海况
关于本图层
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口）
- 来源
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色（NASA OB.DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA OB.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星反演；云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海面附近叶绿素 a 的卫星估算值，是浮游生物和海洋生产力的指标；不衡量渔业资源或有害藻华。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- GHRSST MUR（NASA JPL PO.DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA JPL PO.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星分析
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海表温度的补缺卫星分析；不是珊瑚礁或物种状况报告。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层造成缺口）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra EVI（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星指数；云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数，是栖息地状况指标；不衡量物种或生物多样性。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作，地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。
海洋状态，以太平洋岛国为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。
数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA PACE OCI · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析，NASA 喷气推进实验室；由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC（PO.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色，NASA 海洋生物处理组；由 NASA Ocean Biology DAAC（OB.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
- Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA PACE OCI. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层（图层列表中共 10 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）启用后会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报为模型输出，衍生指数为估计值。
图层与日期
- 海面温度距平：GHRSST MUR25，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 海洋叶绿素 a 浓度：MODIS Aqua 海洋水色，NASA OB.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 海面温度：GHRSST MUR，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 增强型植被指数，滚动 8 天：MODIS Terra EVI，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
Fisheries link the ocean to food, income and health.
Fisheries evidence is designed for the 国家系统风险与韧性系列. FAO’s State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 is the global reference; illegal fishing is addressed by the Port State Measures Agreement, and harmful subsidies by the WTO agreement adopted in 2022.
- Small-scale catch data.
- Fisher livelihood surveys.
Fisheries and marine watch.
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
Fisheries and marine watch
Fisheries and livelihoods · Fishing grounds 3 · Season 1
- Biomass vs reference point0.7ratio关注
- Marine heatwave days59今年警报
- Fleet effort90指数
海面温度距平
Stock status
| Small pelagic | 0.8 | 1.4 | Overfishing |
| Reef fish | 0.6 | 1.5 | Overfished |
| Tuna-like | 1.2 | 1.0 | Sustainable |
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels | percent of assessed stocks | 每次评估 | SDG indicator 14.4.1 | 已发布统计 |
| Capture fisheries production | tonnes | 年度 | National catch reporting to FAO | 已报告 |
| Aquaculture production | tonnes | 年度 | National reporting to FAO | 已报告 |
| Fishing effort | fishing hours by area | 每日 | Satellite vessel tracking | 估算 |
| People employed in fisheries and aquaculture | 计数 | 年度 | FAO employment statistics | 已报告 |
| Implementation of instruments against IUU fishing | 得分 | per reporting cycle | SDG indicator 14.6.1 | 已发布统计 |
Model fisheries and livelihoods as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 海洋与海岸风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- 海平面上升
- 风暴潮
- Coastal erosion
- 热浪
- Ocean acidification
- Harmful algal bloom
- 极端火险天气（在下游引发）
- 野火 （在下游引发）
- 高温导致的电网压力（在下游引发）
- 农业干旱（在下游引发）
- 骤发干旱（在下游引发）
- 积雪干旱（在下游引发）
- 近地面臭氧事件（在下游引发）
- Meteorological drought (set off downstream)
- 河流洪水（在下游引发）
- 沿海洪水（在下游引发）
- Estuary flood (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所（在下游引发）
系统与耦合
- 海洋与海岸风险标准
- 供应链与贸易风险 级联
- 粮食与农业风险标准 级联
- 气候风险标准 Common driver and feedback
- 城市与城市系统风险标准 风险暴露
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-1维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录（语法 v0.2：领域、部门、区域和环境分段）NS-3风险记录 UNI（语法、旧编码对照、分配机构）NS-3b数据集与产品元数据规范（STAC、DCAT、PROV-O）NS-5图表、地图和可视化标准（配合 UI/UX 套件）NS-9情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）NS-11验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）NRS-X3海洋与海岸风险NRS-H11危害类别：沿海与海平面危害（NHS-1 water.coastal）NRS-H79危害类别：精神卫生危机（NHS-1 health.mental）NRS-H12危害类别：海况极端事件（NHS-1 water.ocean-state）NRS-H67危害类别：海洋环流与海洋临界点（NHS-1 planet.ocean-tipping）NRS-K18领域包概况：海洋与海岸（DOMAIN-018）
观测
- Copernicus Marine Service ocean products (listed for reference)
- Coral Reef Watch daily 5 km heat stress products (listed for reference)
- PSMSL tide gauge mean sea level records (listed for reference)
- GEBCO global bathymetric grid (listed for reference)
- Argo float profiles (listed for reference)
- Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
- Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density
- Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to GDP, including damage to critical infrastructure
示例地理范围
- 太平洋岛国：150 个六边形网格
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水，30 m（OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达），NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率（IMERG），NASA GIBS
- 白天地表气温（AIRS），NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| FAO FishStat and the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture | Global catch, aquaculture, trade, employment and stock status | Open, FAO terms (to check) |
| Global Fishing Watch | Fishing activity estimated from vessel tracking | Open, licence per dataset (CC BY-SA or non-commercial, to check) |
| Sea Around Us | Reconstructed catches including unreported catch | Open, licence to check |
| RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Database | Compiled stock assessment results | Open, licence to check |
| Regional fisheries management organisation reports | Stock assessments and management measures | Public records, terms per organisation |
How fisheries and livelihoods is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
地球观测链
How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on fisheries and livelihoods, and where each step adds uncertainty.
- 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性：云层和轨道造成的缺口
- 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性：传感器漂移
- 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性：气溶胶和坡度假设
- 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性：模型和训练误差
- 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性：样本设计与规模
- 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性：明确说明，从不隐藏
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Oceans and Coasts prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Fisheries ministries and management bodies | What catch limits and measures to set | Stock status; effort maps |
| Regional fisheries management organisations | How to allocate shifting stocks between members | Stock shift analyses |
| 社会保护 and development agencies | How to support fishing communities through shocks | Livelihood profiles |
| Port and enforcement authorities | Where to focus inspection against illegal fishing | Vessel tracking evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Stock status summaries with assessment dates and methods
- Fishing effort maps from vessel tracking
- Climate-driven stock shift analyses
- Livelihood vulnerability profiles for fishing communities
专家提出的问题。
- What is the status of a stock relative to levels that support sustainable yields?
- How is warming shifting where species are found and how productive they are?
- Who depends on a fishery for food and income, and what alternatives do they have?
- How do shocks such as heatwaves, harmful algal blooms or market closures affect catch and earnings?
- Which management measures are robust to the uncertainty in stock assessments?
Stocks, ecosystems and people.
Stock size reflects recruitment, growth, natural mortality and fishing mortality. Overfishing reduces stocks below the level that would produce the highest sustainable yield and can make them more sensitive to environmental variability. 气候变化 acts by shifting species distributions poleward and deeper, changing primary productivity, and altering the timing of spawning and migration. Stocks that cross national boundaries create allocation disputes when they move.
Livelihood effects depend on dependence and adaptability. Small-scale fishers with limited gear and access cannot follow stocks far, and fishing communities often have few other sources of income. Aquaculture can supplement supply but brings its own risks from disease, pollution and feed sourcing. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing undermines both stocks and the data used to assess them.
Markets add another channel. Prices, export demand and trade restrictions can change fishing pressure as much as ecological conditions do, and food security depends on whether local consumers keep access to affordable fish.
Assessment and its uncertainty.
Population models
Catch, effort and survey data feed models of stock size and fishing mortality; data-poor stocks rely on simpler indicators.
Species-distribution models
Models link species to ocean conditions to project shifts; they assume relationships hold as conditions change.
Livelihood surveys
Household and market surveys measure dependence and vulnerability; coverage of informal fisheries is often thin.
Limits: many stocks, especially in tropical and small-scale fisheries, lack formal assessments. Under-reported catch biases models, and projections of climate effects carry wide ranges.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is an overfished stock?
What is IUU fishing?
Why are fish moving?
Does the platform set or advise on catch limits?
Can aquaculture replace wild fisheries?
How is climate change affecting fisheries?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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