GCRI · 海洋与海岸
海洋生态系统
Coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass meadows, kelp forests and open-ocean ecosystems support fisheries, protect coasts and store carbon. They are under pressure from warming, marine heatwaves, acidification, loss of oxygen, pollution and overfishing. This page sets out how these pressures act and combine, how ecosystem condition is observed, and what evidence serves the agencies and communities that protect and restore them.
Marine ecosystems: how the risk develops.
栖息地、营养 系统 and ecosystem condition. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Marine heatwaves bleach and kill
Prolonged high sea temperatures cause 珊瑚白化, kelp loss and mass mortality of other species. Heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense.
Acidification changes chemistry
The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, lowering pH and the carbonate available to corals, shellfish and plankton to build shells and skeletons.
Oxygen is declining
Warmer water holds less oxygen and nutrient runoff fuels algal blooms that consume it. Low-oxygen zones expand and drive species away or kill them.
Pressures combine
Reefs stressed by pollution and overfishing recover more slowly from bleaching. Loss of habitat-forming species cascades through the food web and the services ecosystems provide.
太平洋岛国的海洋状况。
Marine heat, sea temperature and chlorophyll over Pacific Island states, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页当前的海况
关于本图层
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- GHRSST MUR（NASA JPL PO.DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA JPL PO.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星分析
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海表温度的补缺卫星分析；不是珊瑚礁或物种状况报告。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口）
- 来源
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色（NASA OB.DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA OB.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星反演；云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海面附近叶绿素 a 的卫星估算值，是浮游生物和海洋生产力的指标；不衡量渔业资源或有害藻华。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层造成缺口）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra EVI（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星指数；云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数，是栖息地状况指标；不衡量物种或生物多样性。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作，地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。
海洋状态，以太平洋岛国为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。
数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析，NASA 喷气推进实验室；由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC（PO.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色，NASA 海洋生物处理组；由 NASA Ocean Biology DAAC（OB.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
- Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层（图层列表中共 10 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）启用后会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报为模型输出，衍生指数为估计值。
图层与日期
- 海面温度距平：GHRSST MUR25，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 海面温度：GHRSST MUR，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 海洋叶绿素 a 浓度：MODIS Aqua 海洋水色，NASA OB.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 增强型植被指数，滚动 8 天：MODIS Terra EVI，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
Marine ecosystems feed people and protect coasts.
Ecosystem analyses are designed for the 全球系统风险与韧性系列. The GCRMN status report (2021) documents reef change; marine heatwaves caused the fourth global bleaching event confirmed in 2024.
- Reef and mangrove survey data.
- Local ecological knowledge shared with consent.
Fisheries and marine watch.
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
Fisheries and marine watch
Marine ecosystems · Fishing grounds 3 · Season 1
- Biomass vs reference point0.8ratio关注
- Marine heatwave days50今年警报
- Fleet effort111指数
海面温度距平
Stock status
| Small pelagic | 0.9 | 1.0 | Overfishing |
| Reef fish | 0.7 | 1.6 | Overfished |
| Tuna-like | 1.2 | 0.8 | Sustainable |
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Degree heating weeks | degree Celsius weeks | 每日 | Satellite sea surface temperature products | 观测 |
| Live hard coral cover | percent of reef area | per survey | Reef monitoring surveys | 观测 |
| Mangrove extent | square kilometres | 年度 | Satellite mapping | 观测 |
| Surface ocean pH | pH units | per cruise or mooring | Ocean carbon observations | 观测 |
| Dissolved oxygen | micromoles per kilogram | per profile | Floats and ship observations | 观测 |
| Marine protected area coverage | percent of national waters | 年度 | 世界保护区数据库 | 已发布统计 |
| 物种分布记录 | count by taxon and area | 持续 | Biodiversity databases | 已报告 |
Model marine ecosystems as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 海洋与海岸风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- 海平面上升
- 风暴潮
- Coastal erosion
- 热浪
- Ocean acidification
- Harmful algal bloom
- 极端火险天气（在下游引发）
- 野火 （在下游引发）
- 高温导致的电网压力（在下游引发）
- 农业干旱（在下游引发）
- 骤发干旱（在下游引发）
- 积雪干旱（在下游引发）
- 近地面臭氧事件（在下游引发）
- Meteorological drought (set off downstream)
- 河流洪水（在下游引发）
- 沿海洪水（在下游引发）
- Estuary flood (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所（在下游引发）
系统与耦合
- 海洋与海岸风险标准
- 供应链与贸易风险 级联
- 粮食与农业风险标准 级联
- 气候风险标准 Common driver and feedback
- 城市与城市系统风险标准 风险暴露
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-1维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录（语法 v0.2：领域、部门、区域和环境分段）NS-3风险记录 UNI（语法、旧编码对照、分配机构）NS-3b数据集与产品元数据规范（STAC、DCAT、PROV-O）NS-5图表、地图和可视化标准（配合 UI/UX 套件）NS-9情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）NS-11验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）NRS-X3海洋与海岸风险NRS-H11危害类别：沿海与海平面危害（NHS-1 water.coastal）NRS-H79危害类别：精神卫生危机（NHS-1 health.mental）NRS-H12危害类别：海况极端事件（NHS-1 water.ocean-state）NRS-H67危害类别：海洋环流与海洋临界点（NHS-1 planet.ocean-tipping）NRS-K18领域包概况：海洋与海岸（DOMAIN-018）
观测
- Copernicus Marine Service ocean products (listed for reference)
- Coral Reef Watch daily 5 km heat stress products (listed for reference)
- PSMSL tide gauge mean sea level records (listed for reference)
- GEBCO global bathymetric grid (listed for reference)
- Argo float profiles (listed for reference)
- Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
- Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density
- Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to GDP, including damage to critical infrastructure
示例地理范围
- 太平洋岛国：150 个六边形网格
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水，30 m（OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达），NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率（IMERG），NASA GIBS
- 白天地表气温（AIRS），NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| NOAA Coral Reef Watch | Satellite sea surface temperature and bleaching heat stress products | Public domain, US government data |
| Allen Coral Atlas | Maps of shallow coral reef habitats and bleaching monitoring | 开放，CC BY 4.0 |
| Global Mangrove Watch | Mangrove extent and change | 开放，CC BY 4.0 |
| Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) | Marine species occurrence records | Open, CC0, CC BY or CC BY-NC per dataset |
| Protected Planet (World Database on Protected Areas) | Marine protected areas and OECMs | Free for non-commercial use, terms to check |
| 全球 Ocean Acidification Observing Network data | Ocean carbonate chemistry observations | Open, terms per data provider (to check) |
The sector signature of marine ecosystems.
The sectors marine ecosystems touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.
签名
生物多样性及其合作伙伴
生物多样性为粮食提供授粉和土壤（0.6），为水提供流域调节（0.5），为健康带来人畜共患病溢出和药物（0.4）。
W · E · I · F · H · B
- 部门
- 4 共 6
- 关系
- 6 共 15
- 耦合
- 0.46 占总量份额
当前最强的关系
- 粮食 → 生物多样性 · 土地转换0.6
- 水 → 粮食 · 灌溉0.8
- 水 → 生物多样性 · 生态流量0.6
- 粮食 → 健康 · 营养0.7
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Oceans and Coasts prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Marine park and environment agencies | Where to protect, restore or reduce local pressures | Habitat maps; pressure overlays; heat stress |
| Fisheries authorities | Whether to adjust fishing in degraded habitats | Habitat condition and species evidence |
| National biodiversity planners | How to meet marine protection and restoration targets | Protected area coverage; habitat change |
该主题产生的产出
- Heat stress and bleaching evidence summaries for reef managers
- Habitat extent and change maps for mangroves, seagrass and reefs
- Pressure overlays combining warming, pollution and fishing
- Restoration evidence notes
How marine ecosystems is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
地球观测链
How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on marine ecosystems, and where each step adds uncertainty.
- 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性：云层和轨道造成的缺口
- 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性：传感器漂移
- 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性：气溶胶和坡度假设
- 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性：模型和训练误差
- 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性：样本设计与规模
- 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性：明确说明，从不隐藏
专家提出的问题。
- What is the current condition of a habitat, and how does it compare to a baseline?
- Which pressures drive change here, and how do they interact?
- Are thresholds or tipping points near, beyond which recovery becomes unlikely?
- How do changes at one level of the food web propagate to others?
- Which protection or restoration measures are effective, and over what time?
Pressures and responses.
Marine heatwaves cause 珊瑚白化, kelp loss and mass mortality of invertebrates; as they become more frequent, the time for recovery between events shortens. Ocean acidification, the fall in pH as seawater absorbs carbon dioxide, makes it harder for corals, shellfish and some plankton to build carbonate structures. Deoxygenation, from warming and from nutrient run-off, expands low-oxygen zones that exclude many species. Species ranges shift towards the poles and to deeper water, reorganising communities.
These climate pressures act alongside overfishing, habitat destruction from trawling and coastal development, pollution and invasive species. Interactions are often non-additive: a reef weakened by pollution recovers more slowly from bleaching, and the loss of grazing fish can let algae overgrow corals. Food webs transmit change, through trophic cascades in which the removal of a predator or the collapse of a prey species reshapes the whole system.
Restoration science is advancing, with active coral gardening, mangrove replanting and seagrass recovery, but success depends on addressing the pressures that caused the loss and on choosing sites where conditions will remain suitable.
Survey, sensing and modelling.
Transects and monitoring
Diver and video surveys, eDNA and long-term monitoring sites give direct evidence but cover small areas.
Habitat mapping
Satellite and aerial imagery map shallow habitats and sea-surface temperature; depth and turbidity limit what can be seen.
Ecosystem models
Food-web and species-distribution models explore scenarios; they depend on assumptions about behaviour and adaptation.
Limits: baselines are often missing or already degraded, so condition is measured against a shifted reference. Deep-sea and open-ocean ecosystems remain sparsely observed.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What causes coral bleaching?
What is ocean acidification?
What are blue carbon ecosystems?
Can damaged reefs recover?
Does the platform rate ecosystem health?
How does this relate to Biodiversity Nexus?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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法律文件。
本网站上的地图、数据和图表仅作为背景和一般信息展示。它们不是建议、预测或预警；信息的局限见免责声明和数据说明。