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GCRI · 海洋与海岸

海洋污染

Plastics, excess nutrients, oil, chemicals and untreated sewage reach the sea from rivers, coasts, ships and the air. They harm wildlife, degrade habitats, contaminate seafood and damage tourism and fisheries. This page sets out how marine pollution arises and spreads, how it is measured, and what evidence serves the authorities and industries responsible for reducing it.

01登记

Marine pollution on the record.

02问题

Marine pollution: how the risk develops.

Contaminants, plastics and ecosystem harm. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Plastics leak from land

Mismanaged waste reaches rivers and coasts and drifts into the sea, where it breaks into microplastics. Fishing gear lost at sea continues to catch wildlife.

机制

Nutrients fuel dead zones

Fertiliser and sewage runoff deliver nitrogen and phosphorus that drive algal blooms. Their decay consumes oxygen and creates low-oxygen dead zones.

机制

Ships and spills

Oil spills, ballast water, antifouling paints and garbage from ships pollute shipping lanes and ports, with large spills causing acute harm.

机制

Contaminants build up in food webs

Mercury and persistent organic pollutants accumulate in organisms and concentrate up the food chain, affecting wildlife and people who eat seafood.

03地理

太平洋岛国的海洋状况。

太平洋岛国的海洋热浪、叶绿素和海温,来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页当前的海况

关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
GHRSST MUR25(NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
提供方
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星分析
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
对所示日期海温偏离常年值幅度的卫星分析;是海洋热浪指标,并非 珊瑚白化 警报。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Aqua 海洋水色(NASA OB.DAAC)
提供方
NASA OB.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星反演;云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
所示日期海面附近叶绿素 a 的卫星估算值,是浮游生物和海洋生产力的指标;不衡量渔业资源或有害藻华。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
GHRSST MUR(NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
提供方
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星分析
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
所示日期海表温度的补缺卫星分析;不是珊瑚礁或物种状况报告。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星反演;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
对所示日期整个气柱中霾、烟和沙尘的卫星测量;是风险暴露指标,不是地面 PM2.5、空气质量指数,也不是健康预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

海洋状态,以太平洋岛国为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA PACE OCI · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析,NASA 喷气推进实验室;由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC(PO.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS Aqua 海洋水色,NASA 海洋生物处理组;由 NASA Ocean Biology DAAC(OB.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 和 VIIRS 大气产品,NASA LANCE 和 LAADS DAAC;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA PACE OCI. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中共 10 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)启用后会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报为模型输出,衍生指数为估计值。

图层与日期

  • 海面温度距平:GHRSST MUR25,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 海洋叶绿素 a 浓度:MODIS Aqua 海洋水色,NASA OB.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 海面温度:GHRSST MUR,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 气溶胶光学厚度,每日:VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日

04跨领域

Marine pollution reaches food and health.

Pollution evidence is designed for the 证据简报系列. MARPOL governs ship-source pollution; negotiations on a plastics instrument under UNEA resolution 5/14 (2022) continue.

  • Beach and water quality monitoring data.
  • Source tracing studies.
05孪生与级联模拟器

Model marine pollution as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 海洋与海岸风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 海平面上升
  • 风暴潮
  • Coastal erosion
  • 热浪
  • Ocean acidification
  • Harmful algal bloom
  • 极端火险天气(在下游引发)
  • 野火 (在下游引发)
  • 高温导致的电网压力(在下游引发)
  • 农业干旱(在下游引发)
  • 骤发干旱(在下游引发)
  • 积雪干旱(在下游引发)
  • 近地面臭氧事件(在下游引发)
  • Meteorological drought (set off downstream)
  • 河流洪水(在下游引发)
  • 沿海洪水(在下游引发)
  • Estuary flood (set off downstream)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-1 维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-3b 数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)
  • NS-5 图表、地图和可视化标准(配合 UI/UX 套件)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NRS-X3 海洋与海岸风险
  • NRS-H11 危害类别:沿海与海平面危害(NHS-1 water.coastal)
  • NRS-H79 危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)
  • NRS-H12 危害类别:海况极端事件(NHS-1 water.ocean-state)
  • NRS-H67 危害类别:海洋环流与海洋临界点(NHS-1 planet.ocean-tipping)
  • NRS-K18 领域包概况:海洋与海岸(DOMAIN-018)

观测

  • Copernicus Marine Service ocean products (listed for reference)
  • Coral Reef Watch daily 5 km heat stress products (listed for reference)
  • PSMSL tide gauge mean sea level records (listed for reference)
  • GEBCO global bathymetric grid (listed for reference)
  • Argo float profiles (listed for reference)
  • Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
  • Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to GDP, including damage to critical infrastructure

示例地理范围

  • 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Index of coastal eutrophicationchlorophyll and nutrient indicators每次评估SDG indicator 14.1.1 (a)估算
Floating plastic debris densityitems per square kilometreper surveySurface trawls and models估算
Beach litteritems per hundred metres of beachper surveyBeach litter surveys观测
Oil spills from tankerscount and tonnes年度Spill statistics已报告
Hypoxic areasquare kilometres年度Oxygen surveys观测
Wastewater safely treatedpercent of wastewater flows每次评估SDG indicator 6.3.1估算
07方法与证据

How marine pollution is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

地球观测链

How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on marine pollution, and where each step adds uncertainty.

  1. 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性:云层和轨道造成的缺口
  2. 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性:传感器漂移
  3. 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性:气溶胶和坡度假设
  4. 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性:模型和训练误差
  5. 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性:样本设计与规模
  6. 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性:明确说明,从不隐藏
按 CEOS 分析就绪数据含义的处理链;每一步在绘制数字之前都会记录其不确定性。通用结构,并非结果。
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
UNEP SDG 14.1.1 data and Global Environment Monitoring SystemCoastal eutrophication and plastic debris indicatorsPublic, UNEP terms
ITOPF oil tanker spill statisticsTanker spills by size and yearPublic, ITOPF terms
GESAMP reportsScientific assessments of marine pollution, including plasticsPublic, terms per publication
Copernicus Marine Service biogeochemistry productsChlorophyll, nutrients and oxygen fieldsFree, Copernicus Marine licence
National beach litter monitoring programmesStandardised beach litter surveysOpen data where published
09决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Oceans and Coasts prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Environment ministries and coastal agenciesWhich pollution sources to control firstSource assessments; monitoring evidence
Wastewater and waste authoritiesWhere treatment and collection most reduce marine pollutionPathway and treatment evidence
Maritime authoritiesHow to prevent and respond to ship pollutionSpill statistics; MARPOL implementation

该主题产生的产出

  • Pollution source and pathway assessments
  • Eutrophication and hypoxia evidence summaries
  • Marine litter monitoring designs
  • Evidence notes on wastewater and waste interventions
10核心问题

专家提出的问题。

  • Which pollutants reach the sea, from which sources, and by which pathways?
  • How do contaminants accumulate in sediments, organisms and food webs?
  • What harm do they cause to ecosystems and to human health through seafood?
  • How do pollution and climate stressors combine, for example in low-oxygen zones?
  • Which interventions upstream or at the coast reduce harm most effectively?
11机制

Pathways and harm.

Excess nutrients from fertilisers and sewage fuel algal blooms; when the algae die and decompose, oxygen is consumed, creating hypoxic zones where many species cannot survive. Warming reduces oxygen solubility and strengthens stratification, so 气候变化 and nutrient pollution reinforce each other. Some blooms produce toxins that close shellfish harvesting and affect human health.

Plastics enter the ocean from rivers, coastlines and fishing gear. Large items entangle and are ingested by wildlife; they fragment into microplastics that are now found throughout the ocean. Persistent chemicals and heavy metals accumulate in sediments and biomagnify up food webs, reaching high concentrations in top predators and in seafood. Oil spills cause acute harm to coastal habitats, birds and fisheries, with effects that can persist for years.

Pollution also travels with hazards. Floods and storms flush contaminants, sewage and debris from land into coastal waters at once, so disaster events can produce pollution pulses that affect fisheries and health after the water recedes.

12方法与数据

Monitoring and modelling.

Sampling

Water, sediment and biota

Chemical analysis and biomonitoring measure concentrations; sampling is costly and patchy.

Sensing

Remote detection

Satellites detect algal blooms, oil slicks and large debris accumulations, with limits under cloud and at small scales.

模型

Transport and fate

Particle-tracking and biogeochemical models simulate where pollutants travel and how they transform.

Limits: microplastic measurement methods are not yet fully harmonised, so results are hard to compare. Source attribution is often uncertain, and long-term health effects of many contaminants remain under study.

13方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 水与环境工程海岸防护方案 · 沿海污水规划 · 适应路径在此应用
  2. 海洋与海岸科学区域海平面收支 · 海洋热浪分析 · 波浪气候评估在此应用
  3. 地球观测与遥感海洋水色与藻华 · 岸线变化制图 · 沿海栖息地制图在此应用
  4. 生态学与生物多样性科学珊瑚礁状况监测 · 种群评估输入 · 修复监测在此应用
14Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

15问题

问题与解答。

Where does ocean plastic come from?
Mostly from land, through mismanaged waste reaching rivers and coasts, with a substantial share from fishing and shipping, according to scientific assessments such as those by GESAMP.
What is a dead zone?
An area of water with too little oxygen to support most marine life, usually caused by nutrient pollution driving algal blooms whose decay consumes oxygen.
What is MARPOL?
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the main IMO treaty covering oil, chemicals, sewage, garbage and air pollution from ships.
Is most marine pollution from ships?
No. Most comes from land-based sources through rivers, outfalls and run-off, although shipping and offshore activity contribute oil and other pollutants.
Are microplastics harmful to people?
Exposure through seafood, water and air is documented; the health effects are an active research question, and the platform reports that evidence with its uncertainty.
Does the platform monitor compliance?
No. Compliance monitoring and enforcement belong to regulators. The platform studies sources, pathways and harm.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI海洋与海岸全球部门风险与韧性观测站信号
海洋与海岸

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