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GCRI · 贸易与战略资源

负责任采购

Supply chains for minerals, agriculture, textiles and electronics can involve forced and child labour, conflict financing, deforestation and pollution. Due diligence standards and laws increasingly require firms to identify and address these risks, and producers to show what they are doing. This page sets out how adverse impacts arise in supply chains, how due diligence and traceability work, and what evidence serves the firms, regulators and producers involved.

提出咨询 返回主题
01画布

工作如何开展。

系统 · 围绕本主题示意

Supplier tier map

Responsible sourcing · Assembly cluster · Bill of materials BOM-110

Single source at tier 3GCRI · 贸易与战略资源

Tier mapping

  1. 第 1 级29 suppliers
  2. 第 2 级50
  3. 第 3 级140
  4. Raw materials10

集中度

Rare earth magnet886498None qualified高
Gallium825080Recycling pilot高
Copper wire251224Two qualified低
Lithium cells692429One qualified中

Mitigation

Dual source
qualification 9 months
Buffer stock
8 weeks
Design change
substitution study
负责人
采购负责人
Supplier tier map: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Responsible sourcing.示例名称和示意数值；是设计方案，并非记录或实时系统。

图Supplier tier map: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.

02问题

Responsible sourcing: how the risk develops.

Environmental, labour and traceability limits. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Risk concentrates where oversight is weak

Labour abuses, conflict financing and environmental harm are more likely where governance is weak, informal production is common and supply chains are opaque.

机制

Due diligence is a process

International standards ask firms to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for adverse impacts, prioritising the most severe. Audits alone do not meet that standard.

机制

Traceability is hard to keep

Materials are mixed, processed and traded through many hands. Chain-of-custody 系统 and documentation can be falsified or broken.

机制

Law is turning guidance into duty

Laws on forced labour imports, conflict minerals, deforestation and corporate due diligence make standards binding in some markets, changing what suppliers must show.

03地理

马六甲海峡的活动与危害。

Night lights, population density and land cover over the Strait of Malacca, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页的活动与危害

关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2）（NASA LAADS DAAC）
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星辐射亮度，已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度；灯光是用电和停电的替代指标，并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11（NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN））
提供方
NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN）
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null；基于人口普查的估算，静态（2020）
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算，作为风险暴露背景展示；不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
GHRSST MUR25（NASA JPL PO.DAAC）
提供方
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星分析
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
对所示日期海温偏离常年值幅度的卫星分析；是海洋热浪指标，并非 珊瑚白化 警报。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测（云层造成缺口）
来源
MODIS Terra EVI（NASA LANCE）
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星指数；云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数，是栖息地状况指标；不衡量物种或生物多样性。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。

活动与危害，以马六甲海峡为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。

数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光，NASA 戈达德航天中心；由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统（LAADS DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析，NASA 喷气推进实验室；由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC（PO.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层（图层列表中有 7 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报是模型输出，派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 夜间灯光，每日：VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2），NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 人口密度，2020 年：人口：哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN，世界网格化人口 v4.11（2018），NASA SEDAC， CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 海面温度距平：GHRSST MUR25，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 增强型植被指数，滚动 8 天：MODIS Terra EVI，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日

04跨领域

Responsible sourcing protects people and nature at the start of supply chains.

Due diligence evidence is designed for the 证据简报系列. The OECD due diligence guidance (2016 for minerals, 2018 for responsible business conduct), the UN Guiding Principles (2011) and the EITI Standard (2023) set the practice; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) audits no supply chain.

  • Grievance and remediation case records.
  • Traceability methods and their limits.
05孪生与级联模拟器

Model responsible sourcing as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 供应链与贸易风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 溃坝
  • 河流洪水 （在下游引发）
  • 山洪 （在下游引发）
  • 大规模流离失所（在下游引发）
  • 大范围停电（在下游引发）
  • 供水短缺（在下游引发）

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI（语法、旧编码对照、分配机构）
  • NS-9 情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）
  • NS-10 政策和条款（机器可读的义务：定义、约束、评估和执行）
  • NS-11 验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）
  • NS-12 软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品（供应链、模型卡、数据集说明）
  • NRS-H60 危害类别：供应链与流动中断（NHS-1 sys.supply-chain）
  • NRS-X4 贸易、运输与供应链风险
  • NRS-H89 危害类别：交通网络中断（NHS-1 infra.mobility）
  • NRS-K38 领域包概况：供应链与贸易（DOMAIN-038）
  • NRS-H43 危害族：畜牧业和水产养殖动物疫病（NHS-1 health.animal-health）
  • NRS-M10 方法结构：市场、贸易与供应链

观测

  • IMF PortWatch port activity and chokepoint disruptions (listed for reference)
  • Global Supply Chain Pressure Index (listed for reference)
  • OECD Data Explorer（SDMX API）（仅列作参考）
  • World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API（仅列作参考）
  • Developing countries’ and least developed countries’ share of global exports
  • Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport

示例地理范围

  • The Strait of Malacca: 227 hexagonal cells
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水，30 m（OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达），NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率（IMERG），NASA GIBS
  • 地表土壤湿度（SMAP），NASA GIBS
06指标

衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Firms reporting supply chain due diligencepercent of in-scope firms年度Corporate disclosures已声明
Smelters and refiners assessed against a responsible sourcing standard计数per updateIndustry assessment programme lists已报告
Goods with documented forced or child labour riskcount of goods and countries每个版本Government lists已发布统计
毁林 linked to commodity productionhectares年度Satellite forest loss with commodity attribution估算
Grievances received and resolved计数年度Company grievance mechanisms已声明
Countries implementing the EITI Standard计数年度EITI records已发布统计
07方法与证据

How responsible sourcing is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。

系统模型

The couplings between the systems in responsible sourcing: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+贸易产业社区经济R 增强B 平衡
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
OECD Due Diligence Guidance and alignment assessmentsStandards and assessments of industry programmesPublic, OECD terms
US Department of Labor List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced LaborGoods and countries with documented riskPublic domain, US government
Responsible Minerals Initiative smelter and refiner listsFacilities assessed under the responsible minerals assurance processPublic lists, RMI terms
Global Forest Watch and Hansen Global Forest ChangeTree cover loss and commodity-driven deforestation开放，CC BY 4.0
Business and Human Rights Resource CentreAllegations, company responses and legal casesPublic, terms to check
EITI data portalExtractive sector disclosuresOpen, EITI terms
09决定

由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。

Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Firms and procurement leadsWhere to focus due diligence and how to respond to risks foundRisk maps; disclosure reviews
Regulators and customs authoritiesHow to enforce due diligence and import rulesLists of goods at risk; traceability evidence
Producer governments and associationsHow to demonstrate and improve practicesEITI and assessment evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Supply chain risk maps by commodity and origin
  • Reviews of due diligence disclosures against OECD steps
  • Deforestation-linked sourcing analyses from satellite data
  • Evidence notes on new due diligence laws
10核心问题

What experts ask about responsible sourcing.

  • What environmental and social impacts occur at each stage of a supply chain?
  • How reliably can a material be traced from source to product?
  • What do audits, certifications and disclosures actually measure, and what do they miss?
  • How do sourcing standards affect livelihoods, including those of informal and small-scale producers?
  • How do traceability requirements interact with supply security?
11机制与驱动因素

Why traceability is hard.

Materials are often mixed, refined and transformed as they move through supply chains. Once ore from many mines is smelted together, or cotton from many farms is spun, the physical link to the source is lost. Traceability then depends on documentation, which can be incomplete or falsified.

Impacts concentrate at the start of the chain: water use and pollution at mines, deforestation for agricultural commodities, and labour conditions in artisanal mining and farming. Those who make purchasing decisions are often far removed from these conditions.

Interventions can have unintended effects. Blanket withdrawal from a region can harm the livelihoods it intended to protect, and shift production to less visible channels.

12方法与数据

方法及其局限。

  1. 01

    Chain-of-custody systems

    Documentation and segregation models that track materials. They depend on the integrity of every link.

  2. 02

    Material fingerprinting

    Chemical and isotopic analysis to infer origin, using materials science and chemistry. Methods are maturing and not available for all materials.

  3. 03

    Remote sensing and GIS

    Satellite monitoring of land use and mining activity using 地理空间信息系统. It shows change but not conditions on the ground.

  4. 04

    Life-cycle assessment

    Estimating environmental impacts across a product’s life. Results are sensitive to boundaries and data.

No method makes a supply chain fully transparent. Analyses state what was traced, how, and what remained uncertain.

13方法

如何研究，以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 地理信息系统设施危害叠加 · 采购地区毁林情况 · 走廊制图在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
  2. 网络科学与传染贸易网络中心性 · 多层级依赖映射 · 中断传播在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
  3. 计量经济学价格传导 · 贸易措施的影响 · 中断对产出的影响在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
  4. 材料科学与化学加工路线分析 · 回收潜力 · 替代方案在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
14Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。

15问题

问题与解答。

What is supply chain due diligence?
An ongoing process through which firms identify, prevent, mitigate and account for actual and potential adverse impacts in their operations and supply chains, as set out in OECD and UN guidance.
What are conflict minerals?
Minerals whose extraction or trade may finance armed conflict or involve serious abuses, typically tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold, under OECD guidance and some laws.
Is an audit the same as due diligence?
No. Audits are one tool. Due diligence requires a risk-based process of identifying, addressing and reporting on impacts, including remedy where harm occurs.
Does the platform certify responsible supply chains?
No. GCRI does not certify. The topic studies what traceability methods can show and where they fall short.
Are labour conditions covered?
Yes, as part of the evidence on conditions at source, alongside environmental impacts.
Can a company submit its supply chain for review?
No individual review is offered. The platform’s research uses public and consented data under clear terms.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI贸易与战略资源战略系统情景与压力测试

切勿发送个人数据、敏感基础设施细节或您无权分享的任何内容。贡献在使用前会经过审查；发送贡献不赋予署名权或编辑权，赞助也绝不能换取研究结论。

贸易与战略资源

带来一种方法、一个数据集或一个问题。

信息和咨询现已开放。每项咨询都会获得一个编号，并告知下一步；申请、付款、算力分配和注册只有在相应团队、条款和审查能力就绪时才会开放。

提出一种方法 查看全部联系途径
法律

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