Skip to content

GCRI · 先进产业与机器人

工业自动化

Industrial automation uses control 系统, sensors, actuators and software to run machines and processes with less direct human intervention. It raises productivity and consistency, and it creates new dependencies on software, data, networks and skilled maintenance. This page sets out how automation works and fails, how its adoption and reliability are measured, and what evidence serves the plant operators, engineers and policymakers involved.

01登记

Industrial automation on the record.

02问题

Industrial automation: how the risk develops.

Automation and digitally managed production. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Control loops run processes

Programmable controllers and distributed control 系统 read sensors and adjust valves, motors and heaters continuously, keeping processes within set limits.

机制

Integration adds dependencies

Connecting machines to plant and business systems improves coordination but means a network, software or data fault can stop production across a site.

机制

Legacy systems linger

Control systems often run for decades. Obsolete hardware and unsupported software become hard to maintain, secure and replace without long shutdowns.

机制

Skills keep systems running

Automated plants need technicians and engineers who can diagnose faults. Skill shortages lengthen downtime when automation fails.

03地理

Connected activity in Germany.

Night lights, population density and land cover over Germany, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页的互联活动

关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Terra EVI(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数,是栖息地状况指标;不衡量物种或生物多样性。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

Connected activity, framed on Germany.NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA/NOAA VIIRS · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • Observed (EO): NASA/NOAA VIIRS (Suomi NPP). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 5 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在打开时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报为模型输出,派生指数为估计值。

图层与日期

  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 增强型植被指数,滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra EVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日

04跨领域

Automation changes how industry draws on energy, water and people.

05监测

Plant operations and safety.

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

工厂运行与安全

Industrial automation · Plant 3 · Shift 2

  • OEE,占计划的 %
    782关注
  • 安全关键警报已触发
    2警报
  • 本班次机器人工位停机
    2
  • 单位能耗
    1.6kWh正常
安全关键警报被搁置GCRI · 先进产业与机器人

障碍

保护层

高压跳闸SISQ3健康
泄压阀 RV-12机械Q2健康
气体探测区 4检测Q2已绕过
机器人单元光幕保障措施Q3健康

反应堆压力

Plant operations and safety: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Industrial automation.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
设备综合效率percent每月Plant performance records观测
Unplanned downtimehours per period每月Maintenance management 系统观测
Control systems past vendor supportpercent of installed base每次评估Asset inventories已声明
Mean time to repair automation faultshours每月Maintenance records观测
Firms using advanced automationpercent of manufacturing firmsper surveyBusiness technology surveys已报告
Automation technician vacancies计数年度Labour market statistics已报告
07孪生与级联模拟器

Model industrial automation as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 工业与制造业: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • Natech event
  • 溃坝
  • 河流洪水 (在下游引发)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
  • Chemical spill or leak (set off downstream)
  • Emergency-response overload (set off downstream)
  • 大范围停电(在下游引发)
  • 供水短缺(在下游引发)
  • Toxic gas release (set off downstream)
  • Industrial fire (set off downstream)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-12 软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品(供应链、模型卡、数据集说明)
  • NRS-H60 危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)
  • NRS-H50 危害类别:工业与过程事故(NHS-1 infra.industrial)
  • NRS-H109 危害类别:能源转型技术故障(NHS-1 tech.energy-transition)
  • NRS-X10 化学、工业、核与辐射安全
  • NRS-H54 危害类别:信号与平台中断(NHS-1 cyber.platform)
  • NRS-K14 领域包概况:制造业与工业(DOMAIN-014)

观测

  • eMARS Major Accident Reporting System (listed for reference)
  • World Development Indicators (listed for reference)
  • ILOSTAT (listed for reference)
  • Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita
  • CO2 emission per unit of value added
  • Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)
  • Direct economic loss to all other damaged or destroyed productive assets attributed to disasters

示例地理范围

  • The Strait of Malacca: 227 hexagonal cells
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
Eurostat ICT usage in enterprises and advanced technology modulesAdoption of automation, robotics and data technologiesOpen, Eurostat reuse policy
OECD studies on the diffusion of digital and automation technologiesCross-country adoption evidencePublic, OECD terms
US Census Bureau Annual Business Survey technology modulesFirm adoption of automation and AIPublic domain, US government
ISA and IEC standards for automation (ISA-95, IEC 61131)Architecture and programming standardsLicensed standards, purchase required
Industry association surveys on downtime and maintenanceReliability practicePublic summaries, terms to check
09方法与证据

How industrial automation is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

系统模型

The couplings between the systems in industrial automation: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++产业工作贸易社区经济R 增强B 平衡
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Advanced Industry and Robotics prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Plant operators and engineering managers哪些 系统 to modernise and how to plan downtimeObsolescence reviews; reliability data
Industry ministriesHow to support automation in smaller firmsAdoption profiles
Training bodiesWhich technician skills to trainSkills gap analyses

该主题产生的产出

  • Automation reliability and obsolescence reviews
  • Adoption profiles by sector and firm size
  • Maintenance and skills gap analyses
  • Evidence notes for industrial policy
11核心问题

专家提出的问题。

  1. 01

    What does automation change about risk?

    Which hazards it removes, which it shifts and which it creates.

  2. 02

    How do automated systems fail?

    Sensor faults, software errors, unexpected interactions and conditions outside the design envelope.

  3. 03

    What is the human role?

    How operators supervise, intervene and keep the skills to take over.

  4. 04

    How resilient is a highly automated plant?

    Whether it can degrade gracefully or continue safely when 系统 fail.

12机制

What drives the risk.

Automation holds processes within limits more consistently than people can, and removes workers from repetitive and hazardous tasks. Safety instrumented 系统 shut processes down automatically when conditions become dangerous.

The ironies of automation, first described in human factors research, remain relevant: the more reliable automation becomes, the less practice operators have, yet they are expected to take over in the rare, difficult situations automation cannot handle. Alarm floods during upsets can overwhelm operators.

Complexity creates hidden interactions. Software updates, integration of new systems and data dependencies can change behaviour in ways that testing did not reveal. Common-cause failures, where one fault disables several protective layers, are a particular concern.

Connectivity extends the system boundary. Remote operation, vendor access and cloud analytics improve performance but bring external networks inside the plant, linking automation to cyber resilience.

13方法与局限

证据如何收集,以及止于何处。

方法或数据显示内容其局限
Hazard and operability studiesDeviations and their consequencesDepend on team expertise and scope
Reliability analysisFailure rates of components and functionsData for new technologies is sparse
Simulation and digital twinsSystem behaviour under scenariosA model is only as good as its assumptions
事件数据库Patterns in automation-related eventsUnder-reporting and inconsistent categories
14方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 系统工程一体化的功能安全与信息安全要求 · 工厂与现场验收测试在此应用
  2. 传感器、物联网与观测网络状态监测 · 在线质量检测 · 互联传感器安全在此应用
  3. 优化与运筹学生产排程 · 能源感知的运营 · 缓冲与备件规模确定在此应用
  4. 机器人与自动化机器人单元风险评估 · 视觉引导搬运 · 协作工位设计在此应用
15Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

16问题

问题与解答。

What is industrial automation?
The use of control systems, sensors and software to operate machines and processes with reduced human intervention, from single machines to whole plants.
What is overall equipment effectiveness?
A measure combining availability, performance and quality to show how much of planned production time is truly productive.
Why do old control systems matter?
Because unsupported hardware and software are harder to repair and secure, and replacing them can require long, costly shutdowns.
Does more automation always mean more safety?
Not always. It removes many hazards but can create new ones, especially when operators lose practice or systems interact unexpectedly.
Does the platform assess automation vendors?
No. It publishes research on automation in general and endorses no product or vendor.
What is a safety instrumented system?
An independent control layer that brings a process to a safe state when it detects dangerous conditions.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI先进产业与机器人指数级技术全球部门风险与韧性
先进产业与机器人

带来一种方法、一个数据集或一个问题。

信息和咨询现已开放。每项咨询都会获得一个编号,并告知下一步;申请、付款、算力分配和注册只有在相应团队、条款和审查能力就绪时才会开放。