GCRI · 先进产业与机器人
工业自动化
Industrial automation uses control 系统, sensors, actuators and software to run machines and processes with less direct human intervention. It raises productivity and consistency, and it creates new dependencies on software, data, networks and skilled maintenance. This page sets out how automation works and fails, how its adoption and reliability are measured, and what evidence serves the plant operators, engineers and policymakers involved.
Industrial automation: how the risk develops.
Automation and digitally managed production. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Control loops run processes
Programmable controllers and distributed control 系统 read sensors and adjust valves, motors and heaters continuously, keeping processes within set limits.
Integration adds dependencies
Connecting machines to plant and business systems improves coordination but means a network, software or data fault can stop production across a site.
Legacy systems linger
Control systems often run for decades. Obsolete hardware and unsupported software become hard to maintain, secure and replace without long shutdowns.
Skills keep systems running
Automated plants need technicians and engineers who can diagnose faults. Skill shortages lengthen downtime when automation fails.
Connected activity in Germany.
Night lights, population density and land cover over Germany, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页的互联活动
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra EVI(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数,是栖息地状况指标;不衡量物种或生物多样性。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
Connected activity, framed on Germany.NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA/NOAA VIIRS · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- Observed (EO): NASA/NOAA VIIRS (Suomi NPP). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 5 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在打开时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报为模型输出,派生指数为估计值。
图层与日期
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 增强型植被指数,滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra EVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
Automation changes how industry draws on energy, water and people.
Automation studies are designed for the Global Sector Risk and Resilience 系列. Functional safety follows IEC 61508; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) assesses no product.
- Plant-level adoption studies.
- Safety incident analyses.
Plant operations and safety.
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。
工厂运行与安全
Industrial automation · Plant 3 · Shift 2
- OEE,占计划的 %782关注
- 安全关键警报已触发2警报
- 本班次机器人工位停机2
- 单位能耗1.6kWh正常
障碍
保护层
| 高压跳闸 | SIS | Q3 | 健康 |
| 泄压阀 RV-12 | 机械 | Q2 | 健康 |
| 气体探测区 4 | 检测 | Q2 | 已绕过 |
| 机器人单元光幕 | 保障措施 | Q3 | 健康 |
反应堆压力
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 设备综合效率 | percent | 每月 | Plant performance records | 观测 |
| Unplanned downtime | hours per period | 每月 | Maintenance management 系统 | 观测 |
| Control systems past vendor support | percent of installed base | 每次评估 | Asset inventories | 已声明 |
| Mean time to repair automation faults | hours | 每月 | Maintenance records | 观测 |
| Firms using advanced automation | percent of manufacturing firms | per survey | Business technology surveys | 已报告 |
| Automation technician vacancies | 计数 | 年度 | Labour market statistics | 已报告 |
Model industrial automation as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 工业与制造业: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- Natech event
- 溃坝
- 河流洪水 (在下游引发)
- Flash flood (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
- Chemical spill or leak (set off downstream)
- Emergency-response overload (set off downstream)
- 大范围停电(在下游引发)
- 供水短缺(在下游引发)
- Toxic gas release (set off downstream)
- Industrial fire (set off downstream)
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NS-12软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品(供应链、模型卡、数据集说明)NRS-H60危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)NRS-H50危害类别:工业与过程事故(NHS-1 infra.industrial)NRS-H109危害类别:能源转型技术故障(NHS-1 tech.energy-transition)NRS-X10化学、工业、核与辐射安全NRS-H54危害类别:信号与平台中断(NHS-1 cyber.platform)NRS-K14领域包概况:制造业与工业(DOMAIN-014)
观测
- eMARS Major Accident Reporting System (listed for reference)
- World Development Indicators (listed for reference)
- ILOSTAT (listed for reference)
- Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita
- CO2 emission per unit of value added
- Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)
- Direct economic loss to all other damaged or destroyed productive assets attributed to disasters
示例地理范围
- The Strait of Malacca: 227 hexagonal cells
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| Eurostat ICT usage in enterprises and advanced technology modules | Adoption of automation, robotics and data technologies | Open, Eurostat reuse policy |
| OECD studies on the diffusion of digital and automation technologies | Cross-country adoption evidence | Public, OECD terms |
| US Census Bureau Annual Business Survey technology modules | Firm adoption of automation and AI | Public domain, US government |
| ISA and IEC standards for automation (ISA-95, IEC 61131) | Architecture and programming standards | Licensed standards, purchase required |
| Industry association surveys on downtime and maintenance | Reliability practice | Public summaries, terms to check |
How industrial automation is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in industrial automation: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
Advanced Industry and Robotics prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Plant operators and engineering managers | 哪些 系统 to modernise and how to plan downtime | Obsolescence reviews; reliability data |
| Industry ministries | How to support automation in smaller firms | Adoption profiles |
| Training bodies | Which technician skills to train | Skills gap analyses |
该主题产生的产出
- Automation reliability and obsolescence reviews
- Adoption profiles by sector and firm size
- Maintenance and skills gap analyses
- Evidence notes for industrial policy
专家提出的问题。
- 01
What does automation change about risk?
Which hazards it removes, which it shifts and which it creates.
- 02
How do automated systems fail?
Sensor faults, software errors, unexpected interactions and conditions outside the design envelope.
- 03
What is the human role?
How operators supervise, intervene and keep the skills to take over.
- 04
How resilient is a highly automated plant?
Whether it can degrade gracefully or continue safely when 系统 fail.
What drives the risk.
Automation holds processes within limits more consistently than people can, and removes workers from repetitive and hazardous tasks. Safety instrumented 系统 shut processes down automatically when conditions become dangerous.
The ironies of automation, first described in human factors research, remain relevant: the more reliable automation becomes, the less practice operators have, yet they are expected to take over in the rare, difficult situations automation cannot handle. Alarm floods during upsets can overwhelm operators.
Complexity creates hidden interactions. Software updates, integration of new systems and data dependencies can change behaviour in ways that testing did not reveal. Common-cause failures, where one fault disables several protective layers, are a particular concern.
Connectivity extends the system boundary. Remote operation, vendor access and cloud analytics improve performance but bring external networks inside the plant, linking automation to cyber resilience.
证据如何收集,以及止于何处。
| 方法或数据 | 显示内容 | 其局限 |
|---|---|---|
| Hazard and operability studies | Deviations and their consequences | Depend on team expertise and scope |
| Reliability analysis | Failure rates of components and functions | Data for new technologies is sparse |
| Simulation and digital twins | System behaviour under scenarios | A model is only as good as its assumptions |
| 事件数据库 | Patterns in automation-related events | Under-reporting and inconsistent categories |
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is industrial automation?
What is overall equipment effectiveness?
Why do old control systems matter?
Does more automation always mean more safety?
Does the platform assess automation vendors?
What is a safety instrumented system?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- 电子邮件网关 GW-GCRI从本页发送证据、更正、案例、方法、审查、翻译或概况投稿。它会带上本页标签送达,由负责的编辑接收。
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切勿发送个人数据、敏感基础设施细节或您无权分享的任何内容。贡献在使用前会经过审查;发送贡献不赋予署名权或编辑权,赞助也绝不能换取研究结论。
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