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GCRI · Intelligenza artificiale e sistemi autonomi

L'IA nella scienza

Machine learning now predicts protein structures, emulates weather and climate models, screens materials and helps analyse vast datasets. It can speed discovery, and it can also produce results that are hard to reproduce, overfit or rest on data leakage. This page sets out how AI is used in science, where it fails, how its results are checked, and what evidence serves the researchers, funders and journals involved.

02La domanda

AI in science: how the risk develops.

Discovery and reproducibility. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Meccanismo

Learning from data replaces some simulation

Models trained on simulations or observations can emulate expensive calculations quickly. They are reliable within the range of their training data and uncertain outside it.

Meccanismo

Leakage inflates results

When information from the test set reaches training, through duplicates, time overlap or preprocessing, reported accuracy overstates real performance. Leakage is a known cause of irreproducible ML science.

Meccanismo

Openness enables checking

Results can be verified only when code, data, models and settings are shared. Proprietary models and data limit independent checks.

Meccanismo

Scientists stay accountable

AI can suggest hypotheses and draft text, but researchers remain responsible for methods, interpretation and integrity. Journals and funders are setting rules for AI use.

03Monitoraggio

Registro dei modelli.

La schermata che un gruppo utilizzerebbe per seguire questo tema: misure, stati e decisioni. I nomi sono esempi e i valori sono illustrativi.

Registro dei modelli

AI in science · Model registry · Release gate

Un modello bloccato al gateGCRI · Intelligenza artificiale e sistemi autonomi

Modelli

M-489 triage assistantServizio pubblicoAlto20 of 24 suitesBloccato
M-530 flood nowcastScienzaMedio12 su 12Rilasciato
M-079 document searchInternoBasso8 of 8Rilasciato
M-881 agent plannerAgenticoAlto11 of 16In valutazione

Scheda del modello

Uso previsto
supporto al triage, decide una persona
Fuori ambito
decisioni di ammissibilità
Limiti noti
minore accuratezza sui casi rari
Titolare
Responsabile del modello

Registro degli incidenti

  1. D-19INCCitazione allucinata nel riepilogo
  2. D-8MITRetrieval grounding aggiunto
  3. D-3INCPrompt injection tramite file caricato
  4. D-1MITAutorizzazione dello strumento ristretta

Evaluation scores

vs release threshold

Task accuracy81 of 85 requiredRobustezza68 of 75 requiredFairness gap (lower is better)3 of 5 requiredRefusal on misuse85 of 95 required
Model registry: the screen’s structure, terms and states for AI in science.Nomi di esempio e valori illustrativi; un progetto, non un registro né un sistema attivo.
05Metodi ed evidenze

How AI in science is modelled, measured and tested.

Il modello, le sue ipotesi, i suoi dati e la sua incertezza, nella forma in cui uno scienziato o un ingegnere li verificherebbe. Le strutture seguono metodi pubblicati. I valori rappresentati sono illustrativi, non risultati.

Modello, equazioni e ipotesi

The model structure used for AI in science, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

Rischio dell'elemento iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)pericolo, esposizione, vulnerabilità e capacità di risposta
Perdita annua attesaEAL = ∑k pk · Lksu eventi k con probabilità annua pk
Sistemi accoppiatixt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
IpotesiPerché è realizzatoCome viene testato
Pericolo ed esposizione sono indipendenti all'interno di un eventoMantiene trattabile l'integrale delle perditeConfrontare con un adattamento di copula su registrazioni congiunte
Gli accoppiamenti sono lineari vicino al punto di funzionamentoConsente agli shock di propagarsi attraverso APerturbare oltre l'intervallo lineare e confrontare
Le curve di vulnerabilità si trasferiscono da un luogo all'altroLe curve locali sono raramente disponibiliValidare rispetto alle perdite osservate, dove esistono
Input
set di dati versionati con provenienza
Risultati
distribuzioni, mai valori singoli
Codice
pubblicato con la scheda del modello e i test
Riproduzione
stessi dati, codice, ambiente e seed
Formulazioni standard del rischio e dello spazio degli stati; le ipotesi elencate sono tipiche del metodo, dichiarate per la revisione, non risultati.
Principi guida FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comitato sui satelliti per l'osservazione della Terra
06Indicatori

Cosa viene misurato e con quale accuratezza.

Ogni indicatore riporta la sua unità, la sua cadenza, il tipo di fonte su cui si basa e l'etichetta di evidenza che un valore riporterebbe. Non sono mostrati valori: un programma li fornisce sotto la propria autorità.

IndicatoreUnitàCadenzaTipo di fonteEtichetta
Studies sharing code and datapercent of published ML studiesper revisionePublication auditsOSSERVATO
Leakage issues identified in reviewscount by typeper revisioneReproducibility studiesRIPORTATO
Out-of-distribution performanceerror on held-out regimesper evaluationValutazione dei modelliOSSERVATO
Emulator error against reference simulationerror metricper evaluationValidation runsOSSERVATO
Journals with AI use policiesconteggioannualePublisher policiesDICHIARATO
Compute used for scientific model trainingfloating point operationsper modelModel documentationSTIMATO
07Fonti

Da dove provengono le evidenze.

Set di dati pubblici e registri istituzionali specifici, ciascuno con la sua classe di licenza. Le fonti soggette ad accordo sono utilizzate solo alle relative condizioni e mai ripubblicate.

FonteCosa fornisceClasse di licenza
Protein Data Bank and AlphaFold Protein Structure DatabaseExperimental and predicted protein structuresOpen, CC0 and CC BY 4.0 respectively
WeatherBench and related benchmarksStandard evaluation of data-driven weather modelsOpen, licence per benchmark (to check)
Princeton reproducibility studies on ML-based scienceSurvey of leakage and reproducibility failuresLicence per publication
Materials ProjectComputed materials properties for screeningAperto, CC BY 4.0
Publisher and funder policies on AI useRules on authorship, disclosure and reviewPublic, terms per publisher
08Decisioni

Chi decide, e a cosa servono le evidenze.

Studio Intelligenza artificiale e sistemi prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Chi decideLa domandaEvidenze fornite da questa pagina
Research teamsWhether an ML result is robust enough to publishLeakage checklists; validation protocols
Journals and reviewersWhat evidence to require for ML-based claimsReporting guidance; reproducibility evidence
Finanziatori della ricercaHow to fund open models, data and compute for scienceOpenness and compute evidence

Output prodotti da questo argomento

  • Leakage and reproducibility checklists for ML studies
  • Validation protocols for scientific emulators
  • Guidance on reporting AI use in research
  • Case studies of AI in specific sciences
09Questioni centrali

What scientists ask about AI in research.

  • Does the AI-assisted result hold when tested independently, by experiment or observation?
  • Is the model, data and code available so others can reproduce it?
  • Has data leakage between training and evaluation inflated reported performance?
  • Does the model extrapolate beyond the conditions its training data covered?
10Meccanismi

How discovery and error both scale.

Machine learning finds patterns in large datasets faster than people can, and surrogate models can emulate expensive simulations, allowing many more scenarios to be explored. In fields with good data and clear validation, such as structural biology, the gains have been substantial.

The risks are equally systematic. Leakage between training and test data has produced inflated results across many disciplines. Models trained on past data may not respect physical laws when extrapolating. Generative sistemi can fabricate plausible references or data. And when models and data are proprietary, results cannot be checked.

11Metodi e dati

Keeping AI-assisted science reproducible.

  1. 01

    Reporting standards

    Checklists covering data splits, leakage checks, baselines and uncertainty. Standards help only if journals and reviewers enforce them.

  2. 02

    Physics-informed and hybrid models

    Combining learned components with known physical constraints, using intelligenza artificiale e apprendimento automatico and high-performance, cloud and edge computing. Constraints reduce but do not remove extrapolation risk.

  3. 03

    Uncertainty estimation

    Ensembles and Bayesian methods from probabilità e statistica to flag predictions the model is unsure of. Uncertainty estimates can themselves be miscalibrated.

  4. 04

    Open artefacts

    Publishing code, data and model weights where rights allow, so others can reproduce and challenge results.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Gli organismi e i documenti alla luce dei quali si legge questa pagina. Stato ed edizioni cambiano; ogni link porta all'organismo emittente.

14Domande

Domande e risposte.

What is data leakage in machine learning?
The unintended use of information from the test data during training or model selection, which makes performance look better than it would be on genuinely new data.
Can AI replace scientific simulation?
AI emulators can approximate simulations quickly within their training range, but they need validation and can fail for conditions they have not seen.
How should AI use in research be reported?
By stating which tools were used, for what, with what settings, and how outputs were checked, following the policies of the journal and funder.
Can AI replace experiments?
No. It can prioritise which experiments to run and emulate some simulations, but claims about the world still need testing against observation or experiment.
What is data leakage?
When information from the test set, or from the future, finds its way into training, so the model appears better than it is. It is one of the most common errors in applied machine learning.
Does the platform review scientific papers?
No. It studies methods and publishes guidance and case studies. Peer review remains with journals and the scientific community.
Are AI-generated hypotheses credited?
The platform’s outputs describe the role AI played in any work, so readers can judge the result; authorship and accountability stay with people.
RapportiContribuisci

Contribuisci con evidenze da questa pagina.

Rapporti is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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Intelligenza artificiale e sistemi autonomi

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