GCRI · 인공지능과 자율 시스템

과학 속의 AI

Machine learning now predicts protein structures, emulates weather and climate models, screens materials and helps analyse vast datasets. It can speed discovery, and it can also produce results that are hard to reproduce, overfit or rest on data leakage. This page sets out how AI is used in science, where it fails, how its results are checked, and what evidence serves the researchers, funders and journals involved.

02질문

AI in science: how the risk develops.

Discovery and reproducibility. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

메커니즘

Learning from data replaces some simulation

Models trained on simulations or observations can emulate expensive calculations quickly. They are reliable within the range of their training data and uncertain outside it.

메커니즘

Leakage inflates results

When information from the test set reaches training, through duplicates, time overlap or preprocessing, reported accuracy overstates real performance. Leakage is a known cause of irreproducible ML science.

메커니즘

Openness enables checking

Results can be verified only when code, data, models and settings are shared. Proprietary models and data limit independent checks.

메커니즘

Scientists stay accountable

AI can suggest hypotheses and draft text, but researchers remain responsible for methods, interpretation and integrity. Journals and funders are setting rules for AI use.

03모니터링

모형 등록부.

팀이 이 주제를 따라가는 데 사용할 화면으로, 그 지표, 상태, 결정을 보여 줍니다. 이름은 예시이며 값은 설명용입니다.

모델 레지스트리

AI in science · Model registry · Release gate

모형 하나가 관문에서 차단됨GCRI · 인공지능과 자율 시스템

모델

M-489 triage assistant공공 서비스높음20 of 24 suites차단됨
M-530 flood nowcast과학보통12 / 12공개됨
M-079 document search내부낮음8 of 8공개됨
M-881 agent planner에이전트형높음11 of 16평가 중

모델 카드

의도된 용도
분류 지원, 결정은 사람이
범위 밖
자격 결정
알려진 한계
드문 사례에서 정확도가 낮음
소유자
모델 소유자

사고 기록

  1. D-19INC요약에 환각 인용 포함
  2. D-8MIT검색 근거 추가됨
  3. D-3INC업로드된 파일을 통한 프롬프트 주입
  4. D-1MIT도구 권한 축소됨

Evaluation scores

vs release threshold

Task accuracy81 of 85 required견고성68 of 75 requiredFairness gap (lower is better)3 of 5 requiredRefusal on misuse85 of 95 required
Model registry: the screen’s structure, terms and states for AI in science.예시 이름과 예시 값으로, 실제 기록이나 운영 중인 시스템이 아닌 설계안입니다.
04영역 전반

AI changes how each domain’s science is done.

05방법과 근거

How AI in science is modelled, measured and tested.

모형, 그 가정, 데이터, 불확실성을 과학자나 엔지니어가 확인할 형태로 제시합니다. 구조는 발행된 방법을 따릅니다. 제시된 값은 예시이며 결과가 아닙니다.

모형, 방정식 및 가정

The model structure used for AI in science, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

요소 i의 리스크Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)재해, 노출, 취약성, 대처 역량
연간 기대 손실EAL = ∑k pk · Lk연간 확률이 pk
결합 시스템xt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
가정만드는 이유시험 방법
한 사건 안에서 재해와 노출은 서로 독립적임손실 적분을 다루기 쉽게 유지함결합 기록에 적합한 코퓰러와 비교
결합은 운전점 근처에서 선형이다충격이 A를 통해 전파되게 함선형 범위를 넘어 섭동을 주고 비교하십시오
취약성 곡선은 장소 간에 옮겨 쓸 수 있다지역 곡선은 거의 없다관측된 손실이 있는 곳에서는 이에 대해 검증
투입 자료
출처 정보가 있는 버전 관리 데이터세트
산출물
분포이며 결코 단일 숫자가 아님
코드
모델 카드 및 시험과 함께 공개
재현
같은 데이터, 코드, 환경과 시드
표준 리스크 및 상태공간 정식화로, 나열된 가정은 해당 방법에 일반적인 것이며 검토를 위해 명시한 것으로 결과가 아닙니다.
FAIR 지침 원칙 · GO FAIR와 FORCE11W3C PROV · 월드 와이드 웹 컨소시엄불확실성의 일관된 처리에 관한 지침 · IPCCCEOS 분석 준비 데이터(Analysis Ready Data) · 지구관측위성위원회
06지표

측정되는 것과 그 정확도.

각 지표에는 단위, 주기, 그 뒤의 출처 종류, 값에 붙을 근거 표시가 있습니다. 값은 표시하지 않습니다. 값은 프로그램이 자체 권한으로 제공합니다.

지표단위주기출처 유형라벨
Studies sharing code and datapercent of published ML studies검토별Publication audits관측
Leakage issues identified in reviewscount by type검토별Reproducibility studies보고됨
Out-of-distribution performanceerror on held-out regimesper evaluation모형 평가관측
Emulator error against reference simulationerror metricper evaluationValidation runs관측
Journals with AI use policies건수연간Publisher policies신고됨
Compute used for scientific model trainingfloating point operationsper modelModel documentation추정
07출처

근거의 출처.

이름이 명시된 공개 데이터셋과 기관 기록으로, 각각 라이선스 등급이 있습니다. 협약에 따른 출처는 그 조건에 따라서만 사용하며 결코 재게시하지 않습니다.

출처제공하는 것라이선스 등급
Protein Data Bank and AlphaFold Protein Structure DatabaseExperimental and predicted protein structuresOpen, CC0 and CC BY 4.0 respectively
WeatherBench and related benchmarksStandard evaluation of data-driven weather modelsOpen, licence per benchmark (to check)
Princeton reproducibility studies on ML-based scienceSurvey of leakage and reproducibility failuresLicence per publication
Materials ProjectComputed materials properties for screening공개, CC BY 4.0
Publisher and funder policies on AI useRules on authorship, disclosure and reviewPublic, terms per publisher
08결정

누가 결정하며 근거는 무엇에 쓰이는지.

인공지능과 자율 시스템 prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

결정 주체질문이 페이지가 제공하는 근거
Research teamsWhether an ML result is robust enough to publishLeakage checklists; validation protocols
Journals and reviewersWhat evidence to require for ML-based claimsReporting guidance; reproducibility evidence
연구 재원 제공 기관How to fund open models, data and compute for scienceOpenness and compute evidence

이 주제가 생산하는 산출물

  • Leakage and reproducibility checklists for ML studies
  • Validation protocols for scientific emulators
  • Guidance on reporting AI use in research
  • Case studies of AI in specific sciences
09핵심 질문

What scientists ask about AI in research.

  • Does the AI-assisted result hold when tested independently, by experiment or observation?
  • Is the model, data and code available so others can reproduce it?
  • Has data leakage between training and evaluation inflated reported performance?
  • Does the model extrapolate beyond the conditions its training data covered?
10메커니즘

How discovery and error both scale.

Machine learning finds patterns in large datasets faster than people can, and surrogate models can emulate expensive simulations, allowing many more scenarios to be explored. In fields with good data and clear validation, such as structural biology, the gains have been substantial.

The risks are equally systematic. Leakage between training and test data has produced inflated results across many disciplines. Models trained on past data may not respect physical laws when extrapolating. Generative 시스템 can fabricate plausible references or data. And when models and data are proprietary, results cannot be checked.

11방법과 데이터

Keeping AI-assisted science reproducible.

  1. 01

    Reporting standards

    Checklists covering data splits, leakage checks, baselines and uncertainty. Standards help only if journals and reviewers enforce them.

  2. 02

    Physics-informed and hybrid models

    Combining learned components with known physical constraints, using 인공지능과 머신러닝 and high-performance, cloud and edge computing. Constraints reduce but do not remove extrapolation risk.

  3. 03

    Uncertainty estimation

    Ensembles and Bayesian methods from 확률과 통계 to flag predictions the model is unsure of. Uncertainty estimates can themselves be miscalibrated.

  4. 04

    Open artefacts

    Publishing code, data and model weights where rights allow, so others can reproduce and challenge results.

12방법

연구되는 방식과 방법이 말할 수 없는 것.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

이 페이지를 읽을 때 기준이 되는 기구와 문서. 상태와 판은 바뀌며, 각 링크는 발행 기구로 연결됩니다.

14질문

질문과 답변.

What is data leakage in machine learning?
The unintended use of information from the test data during training or model selection, which makes performance look better than it would be on genuinely new data.
Can AI replace scientific simulation?
AI emulators can approximate simulations quickly within their training range, but they need validation and can fail for conditions they have not seen.
How should AI use in research be reported?
By stating which tools were used, for what, with what settings, and how outputs were checked, following the policies of the journal and funder.
Can AI replace experiments?
No. It can prioritise which experiments to run and emulate some simulations, but claims about the world still need testing against observation or experiment.
What is data leakage?
When information from the test set, or from the future, finds its way into training, so the model appears better than it is. It is one of the most common errors in applied machine learning.
Does the platform review scientific papers?
No. It studies methods and publishes guidance and case studies. Peer review remains with journals and the scientific community.
Are AI-generated hypotheses credited?
The platform’s outputs describe the role AI played in any work, so readers can judge the result; authorship and accountability stay with people.
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보고서 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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방법, 데이터세트 또는 질문을 가져오십시오.

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