- Oceania-Pacific 2026
- Chapter 6
Readings from the other desks
The regional baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks’ own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Oceania-Pacific’s risk is set by ocean, coast and distance
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Cyclone and marine-heatwave season across the Coral Sea and nearby island coasts
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 6.1 The other desks’ editions of this subject
- 6.2 Three lenses
- 6.3 Standards, Academy and steward contributions
- 6.4 GCRI reading: the model card
- 6.5 Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
- 6.6 Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 regional readiness pack
- 6.7 Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
- 6.8 Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review: science and assessments
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject
Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.
| Desk | Edition | State | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| GCRI Systems Evidence | Systems Evidence: Oceania-Pacific 2026 | Drafted, in stewardship review | NR-REGIONAL-OCP-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 |
| GRF Public Deliberation | Public Deliberation: Oceania-Pacific 2026 | In preparation | NR-GRF-REG-OCP-2026-BASELINE (reserved) |
| GRA Capital Readiness | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| Standards Progress | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| Academy Capability | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| Index Measurement | Measurement: Oceania-Pacific 2026 | In preparation | NR-GRX-REG-OCP-2026-BASELINE (reserved) |
6.2Three lenses
One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.
GCRI · KEY T
Technical Truth
The evidence supports a reading of Oceania-Pacific risk as exposure and access: warm oceans and sea level act on coasts, power and health together. Evidence is strongest for population, emissions, electricity access and ocean warmth, and weakest for losses, sea-level rates and the condition of reefs.
CLI-001 · CLI-006 · ENE-005 · SYS-012
GRF · KEY M
Public Meaning
For most people risk arrives as a cyclone warning, a hot week or a fuel shortage. The baseline asks that public debate weigh how distance and thin access make one island’s event a regional concern.
CLI-007 · ENE-005 · FOO-009
GRA · KEY F
Capital Meaning
Readiness implications only. Loss series by country are not bound, and the Asian Development Bank frames resilience in its Pacific monitor25. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an endorsement.
CLI-006 · SYS-012
NEXUS
Synthesis
Oceania-Pacific has strong statistics for Australia and a clear ocean-warming record, and thin national data for island states. The 2027 programme should bind loss, sea-level and fuel-stock data, test the cyclone season, and ask the registry whether Pacific states can be admitted.
SYS-012 · A-01 · A-02
6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions
How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for Oceania-Pacific. The standards are preparatory working drafts (October 2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.
| Quarter | Edition | Question | Boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | State and Agenda | What matters this year, and what is the starting position? | observed baseline stays distinct from planned work |
| Q2 | Evidence and Build | What new evidence and capability have been developed? | a configured capability is not a validated result |
| Q3 | Stress Test and Readiness | What do scenarios and tests reveal? | simulated loss or performance is not observed impact |
| Q4 | Annual Synthesis and Renewal | What did the year establish, and what changes next? | release follows review, not event publicity deadlines |
| Steward or body | Role | Contribution route |
|---|---|---|
| The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada) | Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T) | science and practice communities · GCRI gateway |
| The Global Risks Forum (GRF) | leadership, dialogue and the Universe programme; public meaning (key M) | policy, Universe and national adoption · GRF gateway |
| The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) | finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F) | finance and insurance · GRA gateway |
| Nexus Standards | preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods | Standards site · working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI |
| Risk Academy | learning pathways tied to the agenda questions | Academy gateway · learning by review |
| Oceania-Pacific regional pathway | regional pathway: hubs named in the registry | regional Commons room |
Standards drafts used in this edition
- Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary
- Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects
- Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech
Standards calendar to watch
- Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026
- Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027
- Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition
6.4GCRI reading: the model card
GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology
6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.
Most Pacific islanders live within 500 m of the sea. The baseline treats the coast and the ocean basin as the units of analysis, with countries as the places where effects land.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 01
Risk lands on the coast first
The Pacific Islands Forum has 18 members, including Australia and New Zealand. This edition reads Oceania-Pacific as the registry defines it and uses the Forum and World Bank series only as reference groups. They are never joined on a code alone.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 02
A forum is not a region
Electricity access of 20.5% in one country and 100% in another shows that resilience depends on who is connected, not on national totals alone.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 03
Access is a design question
Several data that matter most for risk, including the sea-level rate, cyclone losses and fuel stocks, could not be read at evidence close. The edition shows each gap and the source that would fill it.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 04
Gaps are findings too
6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 regional readiness pack
The registers that open the 2027 regional cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.
| Item | Register | State at baseline | First 2027 entry |
|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | Regional risk state delta | baseline set by this edition | changes against the baseline |
| E2 | WEFH+B state delta | five regional system readings set | indicator updates and freshness |
| E3 | Agenda and Portfolio movement | eight agenda items · 7 proposed objects | admission decisions |
| E4 | Federation delivery register | editions in programme as listed in the series registry | regional and sector baselines |
| E5 | Consortium capability register | national consortia forming | first contributions |
| E6 | Leadership questions and challenges | none yet | first challenge log |
| E7 | Foundry technical state | national environments prepared | first federation cut |
| E8 | Publication candidates | twelve findings carried forward | PUBLISH · HOLD dispositions |
| E9 | Universe readiness | one candidate mission | admission and role spine |
| E10 | Correction register | none | first federation-wide cycle |
Publication dispositions
- Publish
- Hold
- Needs evidence
- Restricted
- Superseded
6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
Instruments that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.
- IN FORCE
- ADOPTED
- SUBMITTED
- UNDER REVIEW
- PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY
| Instrument | Body | Scope | Status | Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Act 2022 (Australia)32 | Parliament of Australia | Australia | IN FORCE | 2030 and 2050 targets |
| Australia’s 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution31 | Government of Australia | Australia | REPORTED SEPTEMBER 2025 | 2035 target |
| 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent2021 | Pacific Islands Forum | Forum members | DATED AUGUST 2022 | regional strategy |
| Boe Declaration on Regional Security34 | Pacific Islands Forum | Forum members | ADOPTED 2018 | climate and security |
| Falepili Union treaty35 | Australia and Tuvalu | bilateral | SIGNED 2023 | mobility and security |
| Paris Agreement37 | UNFCCC | international | IN FORCE | climate targets |
| Sendai Framework 2015–203036 | UNDRR | international | ADOPTED 2015 | disaster risk reduction |
| Kunming-Montreal Framework38 | CBD | international | ADOPTED 2022 | 30by30 |
| National Adaptation Plan2433 | Australian Government | Australia | ISSUED 2025 | adaptation |
| Forum Strategic Plan 2025 to 203023 | Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat | Forum members | REPORTED AUGUST 2026 | secretariat work plan |
Changed since 2024
- The Forum Strategic Plan 2025 to 2030 was reported in August 2026 with six goals23
- Australia’s 2035 target of 62 to 70% below 2005 was reported from September 202531
- Australia’s climate risk assessment and adaptation plan were issued in 20252433
6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review: science and assessments
The review behind this edition covers peer-reviewed science, regional and international assessments and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Full systematic reviews begin in Q1 2027 for each agenda item.
Review protocol
- Question
- What does the published evidence establish about Oceania-Pacific’s coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity risks across its member countries?
- Sources searched
- peer-reviewed literature; regional and international assessments; official releases; statutory instruments
- Window
- releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026
- Selection
- sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition
- Next step
- systematic reviews for agenda items A-01 to A-05 in Q1 2027
| Reference | Type | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pörtner et al. (eds.)39 | assessment | 2022 | framework | impacts and adaptation |
| Pörtner et al. (eds.)40 | assessment | 2019 | context | ocean and coasts |
| McElwee et al. (eds.)41 | assessment | 2024 | framework | nexus interlinkages |
| Zscheischler et al.42 | journal article | 2018 | framework | compound events |
| National climate risk assessment33 | government assessment | 2025 | supports | risk framing |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State of the Climate in the South-West Pacific 2024171819 | WMO | 2025 | supports | heat, ocean, coasts |
| State of the Climate 202452 | CSIRO and BoM | 2024 | context | Australian climate |
| Annual Climate Statement 202529 | BoM | 2026 | context | Australian temperature |
| Pacific environment assessment53 | SPREP | 2020 | context | islands |
| Climate risk assessment24 | Australian Government | 2025 | supports | risk framing |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population127 | ABS and World Bank | 2026 | supports | profile |
| Water and life expectancy34 | ABS | 2025 | supports | water, health |
| Emissions and electricity8101428 | World Bank and Ember | 2026 | supports | climate, power |
| Food, land and protected areas111315 | World Bank | 2026 | supports | food, nature |
| National accounts and agriculture56916 | ABS and World Bank | 2026 | supports | profile |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renewable capacity statistics45 | IRENA | 2026 | context | capacity |
| Australia energy review46 | IEA | 2023 | context | energy |
| Quarterly energy dynamics47 | AEMO | 2026 | context | grid |
| Crop report48 and basin storage49 | ABARES and MDBA | 2026 | context | food, water |
| Health report50 and Western Pacific page26 | AIHW and WHO | 2024 | context | health |
Where the evidence agrees
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 25Asian Development Bank (ed.), Pacific Economic Monitor (series page; latest edition listed, August 2024, Building Resilience the Pacific Way; no figure used). ADB, Manila. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 32Parliament of Australia (ed.), Climate Change Act 2022 (Cth), No. 37, 2022, compilation No. 2 (Federal Register of Legislation text read; section 10: net emissions 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 and net zero by 2050). Canberra, 2022. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 31Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (ed.), Australia’s 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution: informed by the outcomes of the first Global Stocktake (presentation held by the UNFCCC; 62 to 70% reduction in national emissions below 2005 levels by 2035, all sectors and all gases; submission to the UNFCCC on 18 September 2025 per the Climate Action Tracker Australia page). DCCEEW, Canberra. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 20Pacific Islands Forum (ed.), 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent (page opened; Implementation Plan 2023–2030; strategy document dated August 2022; regional emissions just over 1% of the global total). Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Suva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 21Pacific Islands Forum (ed.), 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent: thematic areas (seven areas; 18 members). Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Suva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 34Pacific Islands Forum (ed.), Boe Declaration on Regional Security (5 September 2018; climate change remains the single greatest threat to the livelihoods, security and wellbeing of the peoples of the Pacific). Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Suva, 2018. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 35Prime Minister of Tuvalu and Prime Minister of Australia, Joint statement on the Falepili Union between Tuvalu and Australia (10 November 2023; announces the bilateral treaty signed that day, with a special mobility pathway for citizens of Tuvalu and assistance in disasters, pandemics and security threats). Prime Minister of Australia, Canberra, 2023. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 37UNFCCC (ed.), Paris Agreement. United Nations, Paris, 2015. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 36UNDRR (ed.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 38Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 24Clayton Utz (ed.), Australia’s first National Climate Risk Assessment Report and National Adaptation Plan (law firm briefing, October 2025; secondary summary of the Australian Government documents; the page and other reports give different release dates). Clayton Utz, Sydney. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 33Australian Climate Service (ed.), Australia’s National Climate Risk Assessment Report (first national assessment, developed with the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water; supports the National Adaptation Plan; ISBN 978-1-925738-94-0, CC BY 4.0; full report read in a public copy because the department and service hosts did not serve it). Australian Climate Service, Canberra, 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 23Pacific Islands News Association (ed.), Forum strategic plan sets six priorities to drive 2050 Blue Pacific vision (news report, 5 August 2026; Strategic Plan 2025–2030). PINA, Suva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 51Australian Government (ed.), Joint press conference, Sydney, 18 September 2025 (transcript; Prime Minister, Treasurer, Minister for Climate Change and Energy and Climate Change Authority Chair: the government accepted the Authority’s advice of a 2035 target of 62 to 70%; the Authority’s own advice was not served by its host). The Treasury, Canberra, 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 39H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts et al. (eds.), Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2022. doi:10.1017/9781009325844. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-05. doi:10.1017/9781009325844back
- 40H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts et al. (eds.), The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Special Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2019; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2022. doi:10.1017/9781009157964. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-05. doi:10.1017/9781009157964back
- 41P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13850054. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-05. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13850054back
- 42J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., “Future climate risk from compound events,” Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469–477, 2018. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 17World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in the South-West Pacific 2024 (series page, published 5 June 2025). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 18World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Ocean heat and sea-level rise threaten communities in the South-West Pacific (news release on the 2024 report; 0.48 °C above 1991–2020, about 40 million km² of marine heatwaves, more than half of Pacific islanders within 500 m of the coast, at least 50,000 islanders a year at displacement risk). WMO, Geneva, June 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 19World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in the South-West Pacific 2024 report launch (event page; launch date 5 June 2025). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 52CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology (eds.), State of the Climate 2024 (report page opened; biennial report released by CSIRO in partnership with the Bureau). CSIRO and BoM, Canberra, 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 29Bureau of Meteorology (ed.), Annual Climate Statement 2025 (national annual mean temperature 1.23 °C above the 1961–1990 average, the fourth-warmest year since records began in 1910). BoM, Melbourne, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 53Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (ed.), State of Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report (report portal read: 31 regional environment indicators in 22 Pacific island countries and territories, period 2015 to 2020, including live coral cover; no figure used). SPREP, Apia, 2021. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 1Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), National, state and territory population, March 2026 (released 17 September 2026; 27,921,150 residents, up 392,700 or 1.4%). ABS, Canberra. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Regional population, 2024–25 (released 31 March 2026; eight capital cities 18,750,888 at 30 June 2025). ABS, Canberra. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 7DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Pacific island small states (source updated 2026-10-08). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 3Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Life expectancy, 2022–2024 (released 11 November 2025; 81.1 years for males, 85.1 for females). ABS, Canberra. Observation years 2022–24. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 4Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Water Account, Australia, 2023–24 (released 11 December 2025). ABS, Canberra. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 8DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Pacific island small states (source updated 2026-10-08). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: renewable electricity output and electricity production from fossil sources (EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS, EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS), Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Pacific island small states; no value after 2021. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 14World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: access to electricity (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, 2023) and people using safely managed drinking water services (SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS, 2022; value returned for Fiji only), Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Pacific island small states. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 28DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: Ember (ed.), Australia electricity profile (page last updated 30 October 2026; 2025: wind and solar 33%, clean 39%, fossil 61%, coal 43%; no 2024 value and no TWh on the page). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 11World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: terrestrial and marine protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS, ER.MRN.PTMR.ZS), Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Pacific island small states; upstream UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 13World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: prevalence of undernourishment (SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS), Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Pacific island small states; upstream FAO. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 15World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: forest area and agricultural land (AG.LND.FRST.ZS, AG.LND.AGRI.ZS), Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Pacific island small states; upstream FAO. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, June 2026 (released 2 September 2026; GDP up 0.4% in the quarter and 2.1% in the year). ABS, Canberra. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 6Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 2021–22 (final issue; the page carries two release dates; wheat 36 million tonnes, 369 million hectares of agricultural land). ABS, Canberra. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 9World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: GDP, current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), and GDP per capita (NY.GDP.PCAP.CD), Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Pacific island small states. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: urban population and population ages 65 and above (SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS, SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Pacific island small states; upstream UN Population Division. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 45International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026 (report opened; installed capacity by country and technology, not generation shares; no figure used). IRENA, Abu Dhabi, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 46International Energy Agency (ed.), Australia 2023: Energy Policy Review. IEA, Paris, 2023. doi:10.1787/ebff8fca-en. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-05. doi:10.1787/ebff8fca-enback
- 47Australian Energy Market Operator (ed.), Quarterly Energy Dynamics Q2 2026 (latest quarter at evidence close; the AEMO host returned 403 to every route, so the release was read in pv magazine, 28 July 2026, and PV Tech, 30 July 2026, which report renewables at 42.1% of National Electricity Market generation in Q2 2026, against 37.1% a year earlier; no figure from it is bound in this edition). AEMO, Melbourne, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 48Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ed.), Australian Crop Report: September 2026 (latest edition at evidence close, available 1 September 2026; forecasts of area, yield and production of the major winter and summer broadacre crops by state; DOI record read, doi:10.25814/5s62-8a44; the report body was not served by the ABARES host and no figure is used). ABARES, Canberra, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-05. doi:10.25814/5s62-8a44back
- 49Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (ed.), 2021 State of the Environment: water storages in the northern Murray-Darling Basin, Copeton and Argyle, 2010 to 2020 (dataset behind Figure 05 of the Inland water chapter; daily percentage full). data.gov.au, Canberra, February 2022. CC BY 4.0. Observation years 2010 to 2020; no 2026 basin storage value is bound. The MDBA storage page refused access. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 50Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (ed.), Australia’s health 2024: data insights (catalogue number AUS 250; doi:10.25816/0933-3876; ISBN 978-1-923085-92-3; CC BY 4.0; read in the copy tendered to the NSW Special Commission of Inquiry into Healthcare Funding, as the AIHW host returned 403; extreme heat caused 78% of injury hospitalisations related to extreme weather, 7,104 between 2012 and 2022; no count of heat deaths). AIHW, Canberra, 2024. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-05. doi:10.25816/0933-3876back
- 26World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific (ed.), Noncommunicable diseases (topic page; about 12 million deaths from noncommunicable diseases in the Western Pacific Region in 2019; Pacific Islands–WHO Multi-country Cooperation Strategy 2024–2029). WHO, Manila. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 30Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (ed.), Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: March 2026 (released 28 August 2026; 455.6 Mt CO₂e in the year to March 2026, down 1.6% or 7.5 Mt, 25.0% below 2005; preliminary estimate for the year to June 2026 452.4 Mt; the department host did not respond, so the figures were read in F. Sekin, WINSS, 29 August 2026, which reports the release, and the fall of 1.6% and 25% below 2005 also in Sustainability Tracker, 3 September 2026). DCCEEW, Canberra. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-05.back
- 22Pacific Islands Forum (ed.), Forum members (18 members, four associate members; Secretariat in Suva). Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Suva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back