Draft, not yet released. In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.

Data appendix

The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.

9 min read0 figures7 tables20 notesNR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE

Contents
  1. ·Edition home
  2. ·Executive summary
  3. 1Saudi Arabia’s risk is heat, water and supply at once
  4. 2Key findings
  5. 3Systems and sectors at baseline
  6. 4Risks and capability
  7. 5Summer heat peak with a mass gathering
  8. 6Readings from the other desks
  9. 7The 2027 agenda
  10. 8Systems in depth
  11. AMethodology
  12. BData appendix
    1. B.1 The indicator set
    2. B.2 National source register
    3. B.3 Regional reading, Saudi Arabia by region
    4. B.4 Atlas card, Makkah Region
    5. B.5 Saudi Arabia system card
    6. B.6 Licences
    7. B.7 Formats and provenance
  13. CReferences and record
  14. ·Complete edition, for print

B.1The indicator set

Table B.1Baseline indicator set
IndicatorValueUnitYearStateSource
GHG emissions incl. land use709Mt CO₂e2021Reported3
Change since 2019+7%2021Reported3
Energy share of emissions excl. land use81%2021Reported3
Gas share of electricity63%2024Reported3
Oil share of electricity35%2024Reported3
Solar and wind share of electricity2%2024Reported38
Gas generation288TWh2024Reported3
Renewable capacity connected12.3GW2025Reported27
Non-renewable groundwater share of supply62%2023Reported13
Agricultural water use12,298million m³2023Reported13
Household water use per person102.1litres a day2023Reported13
Cereal import requirement15million t2026/27Reported5
Wheat production≈1.1million t2026Reported5
Population35.3million2024Reported1
Aged 65 or over≈2.8%2024Estimated1
Deaths reported during the Hajj1,301deaths2024Reported11
Life expectancy78.8years2024Reported21
Protected land18.1%2024Reported20
Protected sea6.49%2024Reported20
Net emissions with land use, latest yearNot boundMt CO₂en/aNOT BOUND27
Renewable water per personNot boundm³n/aNOT BOUND28
Share of food importedNot bound%n/aNOT BOUND45
National heat deaths and illnessNot boundcasesn/aNOT BOUND31
Indicators, CSVIndicators, JSON

B.2National source register

The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.

Domains bound by the register

  • WAT
  • ENE
  • FOO
  • HLT
  • BIO
  • CLI
  • INF
  • FIN
  • TRD
  • MIN
Table B.3National source register
SourceCategoryCoveragePeriodCadenceRole
Population estimates1national statisticsnational2024annualprofile
Second NDC2government submissionnational2025periodicCLI
Independent NDC assessment34research institutesnational2026periodicCLI · ENE
Grain outlook5UN agencynational2026periodicFOO
Article IV6international financial institutionnational2026annualFIN
Capacity statistics7international agencynational2025annualENE
Power data8independent think tanknational2024annualENE
Meteorology statement910national technical authority via pressnational2022–2025per eventCLI
Hajj statement11ministry via pressregional2024annualHLT
Water Accounts1314national statistics via pressnational2023–2024annualWAT
Protected areas20national agency via pressnational2024periodicBIO

B.3Regional reading, Saudi Arabia by region

Map plates for every region follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form.

Population, 20241

35.3million

residents

19.6million

Saudi nationals

15.7million

non-Saudi residents

≈2.8%

aged 65 or over

Table B.4Regional reading, Saudi Arabia by region
RegionPrincipal hazardsSystems most exposedBaseline evidence
Riyadh and Qassim (centre)heat, dust storms, flash floodpower, water, foodno event cited in this edition
Makkah, Madinah and Al-Baha (west)heat, flash floodhealth, transport, waterHajj 202411; Jeddah 202210
Eastern Provinceheat, humidity, dustenergy, desalinationno event cited in this edition
Asir, Jazan and Najran (south-west)flash floodroads, farmsno event cited in this edition
Tabuk, Hail, Al-Jouf and Northern Borders (north)cold spells, dustgroundwater farmingno event cited in this edition

B.4Atlas card, Makkah Region

  • region
  • western coast
  • mass gathering
  • flash flood
Systems in view
health, water, roads and power
Defining events
Hajj 2024 with 1,301 deaths reported11; Jeddah rain of 179 mm on 24 November 202210
Couplings
CLI → HLT; CLI → INF; ENE → WAT
Capability evidence
heat-stress awareness for the Hajj reported11; response records not bound
Gaps
heat illness series; drainage condition; regional water supply
Agenda items
A-01 · A-05

The Health Minister reported 1,301 deaths in 2024, most of them unauthorised pilgrims, and said many had walked long distances in direct sun [11].

HEALTH

Heat during the Hajj

Jeddah recorded 179 mm in one day in 2022, more than the 2009 peak, and roads and schools closed [10].

ROADS

One day of rain

NOT BOUND. Source: Saudi Water Authority and GASTAT regional tables. Blocker: not retrieved by evidence close.

WATER

Supply by region

B.5Saudi Arabia system card

The card through which Saudi Arabia appears in the Middle East and North Africa regional edition and the global series. It summarises; it does not rank.

Table B.5Saudi Arabia system card
SystemBaseline stateCoupling to watchCoverage
Waternon-renewable groundwater 62%13power for desalinationPARTIAL
Energygas and oil 98% of generation38summer peakPARTIAL
Foodcereal imports 15 million t5import shocksPARTIAL
Healthheat; mass gatherings11heat surgeTHIN
Biodiversityprotected land 18.1%20land use and aridityTHIN

Context

Archetype
hot desert, hydrocarbon-exporting economy with a young population
Population
35.3 million (2024)1
Trade
oil and products 69% of main exports; grain imported56
Hazard
extreme heat; flash flood1017

Saudi Arabia’s card sits beside its neighbours’; shared basins, grids, corridors and supply chains are read as one regional system.

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGIONAL EDITION

One regional system

Saudi evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers, so a correction travels everywhere at once.

GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES

Same findings, same IDs

In the global edition Saudi Arabia is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.

GLOBAL FLAGSHIP

Peers, not ranks

B.6Licences

Table B.6Licences of each kind of material
MaterialLicence
TextCC BY 4.0
Dataon the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0
FiguresNexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited
Mapsboundary source and licence printed on each plate
MetadataCC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it
Third-party data, figures and textThe source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed
Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.

B.7Formats and provenance

Table B.7This edition in every format
FormatKindStateWhat it isIdentifier
Web editionHTMLOn this siteDraft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Print editionPDFAt releaseA4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Indicator dataCSV · JSONOn this site23 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE data release v1
FiguresSVG · PNGOn this site4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.FIG-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-*
SlidesPDFNot recordedNo slide deck is recorded for this edition.
Evidence briefHTML · PDFNot recordedNo evidence brief is recorded for this edition.
Dataset with DOIDataCiteAt releaseConcept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.

Provenance

Edition pack
The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
Evidence cut
NQ-SAU-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026
Reproducibility
sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
Self-check
14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
Review
five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
Publisher of record
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
Corrections
Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

  1. 3Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland (ed.), 2035 NDC Assessment: Saudi Arabia. UMD CGS, College Park, 2026, quoting the Biennial Transparency Report of Saudi Arabia (2024) and electricity data. Observation year 2021 for emissions, 2024 for electricity.back
  2. 8Ember (ed.), Saudi Arabia: electricity data page, updated 22 April 2026. Ember, London, 2026. Observation year 2024.back
  3. 2Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Second Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 31 December 2025. Observation year 2025.back
  4. 7International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, March 2026, read through a Zawya report of the Saudi Arabia figure. Observation year 2025.back
  5. 13General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Water Accounts 2023, reported in “Per capita water consumption falls by 10% to 102 litres a day,” Arab News, Riyadh, 5 January 2025. Observation year 2023.back
  6. 5Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, reference date 7 July 2026. FAO, Rome, 2026. Observation year 2026.back
  7. 1General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Population estimates by nationality, sex and age group, 2024, as compiled by the Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population programme. GASTAT, Riyadh, 2025. Observation year 2024.back
  8. 11Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement of the Health Minister on deaths during the 2024 Hajj, reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 24 June 2024. Observation year 2024.back
  9. 21Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), statement that life expectancy reached 78.8 years in 2024, reported by Asharq Al-Awsat, 21 April 2025. Observation year 2024.back
  10. 20National Center for Wildlife (ed.), Protected Areas System Plan, launched at the 10th Regional Conservation Forum of IUCN, Riyadh, September 2024, as summarised in press reports. Observation year 2024.back
  11. 27Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ed.), First Biennial Transparency Report. Submission to the UNFCCC, Riyadh, 2024. Observation year 2021.back
  12. 28Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), AQUASTAT: Saudi Arabia country data. FAO, Rome, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.back
  13. 45United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Grain and Feed Annual. USDA FAS, Washington DC, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.back
  14. 31Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia (ed.), Statistical Yearbook. MoH, Riyadh, retrieved 3 November 2026. Observation year latest available.back
  15. 4Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Saudi Arabia: 2035 NDC assessment, updated 29 May 2026. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, 2026. Observation year 2025.back
  16. 6International Monetary Fund (ed.), “IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Saudi Arabia,” press release 26/267. IMF, Washington DC, 29 July 2026. Observation year 2025–2026.back
  17. 9National Center for Meteorology (ed.), statement that the 2025 climate was moderate, reported in “NCM: Saudi Arabia experienced a moderate climate in 2025,” Riyadh Daily, 30 November 2025. Observation year 2025.back
  18. 10National Center for Meteorology (ed.), rainfall record for Jeddah, 24 November 2022, reported in “Jeddah receives 179mm of rainfall, higher figure than 2009 peak,” Arab News, Riyadh, November 2022. Observation year 2022.back
  19. 14General Authority for Statistics (ed.), Household Environment Statistics 2024, reported by Saudi Gazette, Riyadh, November 2025. Observation year 2024.back
  20. 17M. Almazroui, “Changes in temperature trends and extremes over Saudi Arabia for the period 1978–2019,” Advances in Meteorology, article 8828421, 2020. Observation years 1978–2019.back

Cite this annex

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Annex B: Data appendix. In Saudi Arabia Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: The State of Saudi Arabia’s Interdependent Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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