Systems in depth

One section per system: its state at evidence close, its exposures and what the operational series will watch.

9 min read0 figures5 tables25 notesNR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE

Contents

8.1Water, the baseline system chapter

Singapore uses about 440 million gallons of water a day, expected to almost double by 2065, and holds 106 m³ of renewable internal freshwater per person. Reservoir storage and flood records are not bound in this edition.

440million gallons a day

water use, as published²⁵

106m³

renewable internal freshwater per person, 2022⁶

141litres

household use per person per day, 2023²⁵

Table 8.1State at baseline
Component	State	Evidence	Status
Supply	four national taps: local catchment, imported water, NEWater and desalination	²⁵	Reported
Imported water	up to 250 million gallons a day from the Johor River under the 1962 agreement, which expires in 2061	²⁵	Reported
Access	100% of people use safely managed drinking water and sanitation, 2024	⁶⁵¹	Reported
Storage and floods	not bound; source: national water agency records	⁵²	NOT BOUND

Couplings into other systems

ENE → WAT desalination, NEWater and pumping
CLI → WAT rainfall and dry spells
WAT → HLT drinking water and vector breeding
BIO → WAT catchment filtration

Evidence to bind in 2027

reservoir storage
flood extent and losses

8.2Energy, the baseline system chapter

Natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025 and solar 2.7%, and the IMF reports that over 90% of electricity comes from imported natural gas.

93.1%

natural gas share of electricity, 2025⁸

2.7%

solar PV share, 2025⁸

26%

gas imports from Hormuz-bordering sources, 2025²⁰

Table 8.2State at baseline
Component	State	Evidence	Status
Power mix	gas 93.1%, others 3.0%, solar 2.7%, coal 0.9%, petroleum 0.3%	⁸	Reported
Capacity	13,716 MW registered in 2025, of which solar 1,812 MW and registered import capacity 300 MW	⁹	Reported
Gas supply	452,182 TJ of gas supply in 2025, 86.9% used for generation (derived)	¹¹	Estimated
Demand	58,054.6 GWh of electricity consumed in 2025; information and communications 6,609.3 GWh	¹⁰	Reported
Reserves and data-centre load	not bound; source: EMA and IMDA publications	¹³⁴²	NOT BOUND

Couplings into other systems

TRD → ENE fuel trade
ENE → WAT desalination and pumping
ENE → FOO cold chain and logistics
CLI → ENE cooling demand

Evidence to bind in 2027

data-centre load
grid reserve margins and fuel stocks

8.3Food and agrifood, the baseline system chapter

Local farms supplied about 8% of fibre and 25% of protein consumption in 2025, and food came from over 180 countries and regions, so food security is a trade question and a farm productivity question.

local share of fibre consumption, 2025²⁷

25%

local share of protein consumption, 2025²⁷

180countries and regions (over)

food sources, 2025²⁷

Table 8.3State at baseline
Component	State	Evidence	Status
Fibre	local farms about 8% in 2025; 2035 target 20%	²⁷	Reported
Protein	local farms about 25% in 2025; 2035 target 30%	²⁷	Reported
Egg, vegetable and seafood shares in 2024	eggs 34%, vegetables 3%, seafood 6% of consumption	²⁸	Reported
Stockpiles and import origin shares	not bound; source: Singapore Food Agency	²⁷	NOT BOUND

Couplings into other systems

TRD → FOO import dependence
ENE → FOO cold chain and logistics
FOO → HLT nutrition and food safety

Evidence to bind in 2027

stockpile levels
import concentration by origin

8.4Health and One Health, the baseline system chapter

People aged 65 or over were 14.2% of the population in 2025 and fertility was 0.97 in 2024; dengue recorded 3,990 cases in 2025.

14.2%

aged 65 or over, 2025¹

83.3years

life expectancy at birth, 2024²

4.5% of GDP

health expenditure, 2023⁶

Table 8.4State at baseline
Component	State	Evidence	Status
Population	14.2% aged 65 or over; fertility 0.97	¹²	Reported
Dengue	3,990 cases in 2025, to 26 December; 13,651 in 2024	⁵⁹	Reported
Heat	29 days of high heat stress in 2025	²³	Reported
Heat illness and haze	not bound; source: Ministry of Health and NEA records	⁵³⁵⁴	NOT BOUND

Couplings into other systems

CLI → HLT heat and vector seasons
ENE → HLT facility power and cooling
WAT → HLT drinking water and vector breeding

Evidence to bind in 2027

heat illness
haze exposure
care continuity in disruptions

8.5Biodiversity and ecosystems, the baseline system chapter

Forest covered 21.8% of land in 2024 and terrestrial protected areas 4.6% in 2025, against a global target of 30% by 2030. National extent and marine protection records are not bound.

21.8%

forest area, share of land, 2024⁵

4.6%

terrestrial protected land, 2025⁵

30%

global target by 2030⁴⁸

Table 8.5State at baseline
Component	State	Evidence	Status
Forest	21.8% of land area	⁵	Reported
Protection	4.6% of land, down from 5.6% in 2023 in the World Bank series	⁵	Reported
Nature reserves	not bound; national extent not read from the agency page	⁴⁰⁴¹	NOT BOUND
Marine protection	not bound; the World Bank series reads 0.0% and was not reconciled with national records	⁵⁴⁰	NOT BOUND

Couplings into other systems

BIO → WAT catchment filtration
BIO → HLT vectors and urban heat
CLI → BIO heat and coastal squeeze

Evidence to bind in 2027

nature reserve and park extent
marine protected area extent

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

25Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.mse.gov.sg/policies/water/back
6World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), annual freshwater withdrawals (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), safely managed drinking water and sanitation services and current health expenditure, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022 (freshwater), 2024 (water and sanitation access) and 2023 (health expenditure). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/ER.H2O.INTR.PC?format=jsonback
51UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (eds.), Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2024. WHO and UNICEF, Geneva and New York, 2025. Source behind the World Bank access series; the country file was not read. Observation year 2024.back
52UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back
8Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch02/index2back
20International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2026/english/1sgpea2026001.pdfback
9Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV systems, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch02/index2back
11Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 1.1 imports of energy products and Table 4.2 natural gas balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://ema.gov.sg/resources/singapore-energy-statistics/chapter1back
10Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 3.2 electricity consumption by sub-sector and Table 4.1 electricity balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch03/index3back
13Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore and Indonesia make substantive progress on electricity imports (media release). EMA, Singapore, 5 September 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://ema.gov.sg/content/dam/corporate/news/media-releases/2024/20240905-Media-Release-Singapore-Indonesia-Make-Substantive-Progress-On-Electricity-Imports.pdf.coredownload.pdfback
42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infocomm Media Development Authority (ed.), Green Data Centre Roadmap. IMDA, Singapore, 2024. The agency page did not render at evidence close. Observation year 2024.back
27Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.sfa.gov.sg/news-publications/newsroom/singapore-food-statistics-2025back
28Singapore Food Agency (ed.), SFA remains committed to food resilience (reply of 26 June 2025, citing Singapore Food Statistics 2024). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.sfa.gov.sg/news-publications/newsroom/2025/sfa-remains-committed-to-food-resilienceback
29Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Written Reply to Parliamentary Question on 30-by-30 Food Sustainability Goal, 26 September 2025. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.mse.gov.sg/latest-news/written-reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-30-by-30-food-sustainability-goal-/back
1DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), population ages 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), population ages 0-14 and urban population, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC; database record last updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=jsonback
2World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), total fertility rate (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN), infant mortality rate and physicians per 1,000 people, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (life expectancy, fertility, infant mortality) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=jsonback
59National Environment Agency (ed.), dengue case counts for 2025: 3,990 cases as at 26 December 2025 and 13,651 cases in 2024, as reported by The Star (ANN/Straits Times) from NEA data, published 28 December 2025. Secondary report of the NEA series; the NEA page itself was not opened for 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2025/12/28/dengue-cases-in-singapore-hit-a-seven-year-low-in-2025-amid-global-decreaseback
23National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025back
53UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Health (ed.), national health statistics and heat-illness records. MOH, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back
54UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Environment Agency (ed.), haze and Pollutant Standards Index records. NEA, Singapore. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back
30POST-CLOSE, context only: National Environment Agency (ed.), Dengue cases (weekly counts and active clusters; 2,832 cases in the first 43 epidemiological weeks of 2026). NEA, Singapore; counts to 3 November 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.nea.gov.sg/dengue-zika/dengue/dengue-casesback
5World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=jsonback
48UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022.back
40UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Parks Board (ed.), nature reserves and nature areas of Singapore (agency page). NParks, Singapore. Source for a designed gap; the agency page returned an error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back
41UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Parks Board (ed.), Singapore’s national biodiversity targets submitted to the Convention on Biological Diversity, October 2024. NParks, Singapore. Known from a press report only; the official document was not read. Observation year 2024.back

Cite this chapter

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Chapter 8: Systems in depth. In Singapore Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: The State of Singapore’s Interdependent Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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Systems in depth

8.1Water, the baseline system chapter

Couplings into other systems

Evidence to bind in 2027

8.2Energy, the baseline system chapter

Couplings into other systems

Evidence to bind in 2027

8.3Food and agrifood, the baseline system chapter

Couplings into other systems

Evidence to bind in 2027

8.4Health and One Health, the baseline system chapter

Couplings into other systems

Evidence to bind in 2027

8.5Biodiversity and ecosystems, the baseline system chapter

Couplings into other systems

Evidence to bind in 2027

Notes

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