Readings from the other desks

The baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks’ own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.

16 min read0 figures8 tables44 notesNR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE

Contents

6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject

Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.

Desk	Edition	State
GCRI Systems Evidence	No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle	Not in this cycle
GRF Public Deliberation	No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle	Not in this cycle
GRA Capital Readiness	No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle	Not in this cycle
Standards Progress	Outside this desk’s remit	Not in remit
Academy Capability	Outside this desk’s remit	Not in remit
Index Measurement	No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle	Not in this cycle

6.2Three lenses

One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.

GCRI · KEY T

Technical Truth

The evidence supports a coupled reading of Singapore’s risk: a 93.1% gas-fired power mix, over 90% of electricity from imported gas, a food system that is 8% local for fibre and 25% for protein, and a coast exposed to sea-level rise. Evidence is strongest for electricity, food and climate, and weakest for flood losses, nature, health surveillance and infrastructure condition, which are not bound.

ENE-003 · ENE-004 · FOO-005 · SYS-012

GRF · KEY M

Public Meaning

For most people risk arrives as a power price, a hot week or a food price. The baseline asks that public debate weigh how island geography and import links change who is reached and how fast places recover.

CLI-007 · HLT-008 · SYS-012

GRA · KEY F

Capital Meaning

Readiness implications only. The protection gap is not bound, and the 2035 emissions range and the coastal protection framework point to large investment. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.

CLI-002 · CLI-007

NEXUS

Synthesis

Singapore’s electricity, food, climate and population series are readable now; flood, nature, health surveillance and data-centre series are not. The 2027 programme should bind them, map import-linked lifeline dependencies, and measure food import exposure.

SYS-012 · A-01 · A-02

6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions

How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for Singapore. The standards are preparatory working drafts (October 2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.

Table 6.1The quarterly rhythm every edition follows
Quarter	Edition	Question	Boundary
Q1	State and Agenda	What matters this year, and what is the starting position?	observed baseline stays distinct from planned work
Q2	Evidence and Build	What new evidence and capability have been developed?	a configured capability is not a validated result
Q3	Stress Test and Readiness	What do scenarios and tests reveal?	simulated loss or performance is not observed impact
Q4	Annual Synthesis and Renewal	What did the year establish, and what changes next?	release follows review, not event publicity deadlines

Table 6.2Who contributes what each quarter
Steward or body	Role	Contribution route
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada)	Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)	science and practice communities · GCRI gateway
The Global Risks Forum (GRF)	leadership, dialogue and the Universe programme; public meaning (key M)	policy, Universe and national adoption · GRF gateway
The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)	finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)	finance and insurance · GRA gateway
Nexus Standards	preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods	Standards site · working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI
Risk Academy	learning pathways tied to the agenda questions	Academy gateway · learning by review
Singapore	national pathway: Desk, Leadership Council, Consortium, Working Groups	national Commons room

Standards drafts used in this edition

Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary
Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects
Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech

Standards calendar to watch

Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026
Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027
Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition

6.4GCRI reading: the model card

GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology

6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays

Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.

Natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025 and the IMF reports that over 90% is generated from imported gas. The baseline reads energy security and the transition as separate questions that depend on the same import links.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 01

A power system built on one fuel

The 2035 range of 45 to 50 Mt CO₂e is stated as contingent on technological maturity and international cooperation. The baseline reads this as a question about imports and technology, not about a single sector.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 02

A target that depends on cooperation

Local farms supplied 8% of fibre and 25% of protein, and food came from over 180 countries and regions. Food security is a trade question and a farm productivity question at once.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 03

Food depends on trade and on what is grown here

This edition names the series it could not read. A gap printed with its source and blocker is more useful to a reviewer than an estimate that cannot be checked.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 04

What is not yet bound

6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: q1 2027 readiness pack

The registers that open the first operational quarter. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.

Table 6.3Q1 2027 readiness pack
Item	Register	State at baseline	First Q1 2027 entry
E1	National risk state delta	baseline set by this edition	changes against the baseline
E2	WEFH+B state delta	five system readings set	indicator updates and freshness
E3	Agenda and Portfolio movement	eight agenda items · 7 proposed objects	admission decisions
E4	NWG delivery register	no groups yet	first monthly outputs
E5	NNC capability register	membership opens in Q1 2027	first contributions
E6	NLC questions and challenges	none yet	first challenge log
E7	Foundry technical state	environment prepared	first sealed cut
E8	Publication candidates	twelve findings carried forward	PUBLISH · HOLD dispositions
E9	Universe readiness	one candidate mission	admission and role spine
E10	Correction register	none	first correction cycle

Publication dispositions

Publish
Hold
Needs evidence
Restricted
Superseded

6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch

Instruments that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.

IN FORCE
ADOPTED
SUBMITTED
UNDER REVIEW
PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY

Table 6.4Standards and regulatory watch
Instrument	Body	Scope	Status	Relevance
Paris Agreement · second NDC¹⁵¹⁶⁴⁶	UNFCCC · Singapore	national	SUBMITTED 2025	emissions pathway
Carbon Pricing Act 2018⁴⁴	Government of Singapore	national	ENACTED 2018	carbon tax
Carbon tax rates 2026 and 2027²¹²²	Government of Singapore	national	SET FOR 2026 TO 2027	carbon price
Coastal Protection and Other Amendments Bill²⁶	Government of Singapore	national	SECOND READING 2026	coastal protection
Cybersecurity Act 2018⁴⁵	Government of Singapore	national	ENACTED 2018	critical infrastructure
Singapore Green Plan³³	Government of Singapore	national	PUBLISHED	national plan
1962 Water Agreement with Johor²⁵	Singapore and Johor	bilateral	IN FORCE TO 2061	imported water
Low-carbon electricity import goal¹³⁴³	EMA	national	STATED 2024	power imports
Green Data Centre Roadmap⁴²	IMDA	national	PUBLISHED 2024	data centres
Food targets for 2035²⁷	Singapore Food Agency	national	STATED 2026	food resilience
Sendai Framework 2015–2030⁴⁷	UNDRR	international	ADOPTED 2015	risk reduction
Kunming-Montreal Framework⁴⁸	CBD	international	ADOPTED 2022	30by30
Sustainable finance taxonomy⁵⁶	MAS	financial sector	STATUS NOT BOUND	finance

Changed since 2024

Singapore submitted its second NDC with a 2035 range of 45 to 50 Mt CO₂e on 10 February 2025¹⁶
The Minister gave the second reading of the Coastal Protection and Other Amendments Bill on 6 March 2026²⁶
The IMF Executive Board concluded its latest Article IV consultation on 15 July 2026¹⁹

To watch in 2027

Passage and commencement of the coastal protection framework²⁶
Carbon tax rates after 2027²²
Conversion of conditional electricity import licences to full licences¹³

6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments

The review behind this edition covers peer-reviewed science, national and international assessments and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Full systematic reviews begin in Q1 2027 for each agenda item.

Review protocol

Question: What does the published evidence establish about Singapore’s coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity risks?
Sources searched: peer-reviewed literature; national and international assessments; official releases; industry loss data
Window: releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026
Selection: sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition
Next step: systematic reviews for agenda items A-01 to A-05 in Q1 2027

Table 6.5Science and assessments
Reference	Type	Year	Role	Used for
Lee and Romero (eds.)³⁴	assessment	2023	context	forcing
McElwee et al. (eds.)³⁵	assessment	2024	framework	nexus interlinkages
Zscheischler et al.³⁶	journal article	2018	framework	compound events
Ng et al.³⁷	journal article	2025	supports	sea level for Singapore
Koplitz et al.³⁸	journal article	2016	context	regional haze
Third National Climate Change Study³⁹	assessment	2024	context	climate projections

Table 6.6Institutional reports
Reference	Issuer	Year	Role	Used for
Second NDC¹⁵	Government of Singapore	2025	supports	target
Biennial Transparency Report¹⁴	Government of Singapore	2024	supports	inventory and projections
Carbon Pricing Act⁴⁴	Government of Singapore	2018	context	carbon pricing
Coastal protection speech²⁶	Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment	2026	supports	coast
Cybersecurity Act⁴⁵	Government of Singapore	2018	context	critical infrastructure
Green Plan³³	Government of Singapore	as published	context	national plan
IMF Article IV²⁰	IMF	2026	supports	energy exposure

Table 6.7Official statistics and national sources
Reference	Issuer	Year	Role	Used for
Population, GDP and land indicators¹²³⁵	World Bank	2025	supports	profile
Energy statistics⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²	EMA	2026	supports	power mix, solar, demand
Food statistics²⁷²⁸	Singapore Food Agency	2026	supports	local share, sources
Climate assessment²³	Meteorological Service Singapore	2026	supports	temperature, rain, heat
Dengue counts⁵⁹	National Environment Agency	2025	supports	dengue cases
Port statistics³¹	Maritime and Port Authority	2026	context	trade

Table 6.8Industry, loss data and international sources
Reference	Issuer	Year	Role	Used for
Monetary and fiscal context¹⁹	IMF	2026	context	growth, inflation
Emissions Gap Report⁴⁹	UNEP	2025	context	ambition gap
Global Assessment Report⁵⁰	UNDRR	2025	context	disaster finance
Singapore Cyber Landscape³²	Cyber Security Agency	2026	context	critical infrastructure

Where the evidence agrees

Heat extremes are rising in the region²³³⁴
Compound events raise risk beyond single hazards³⁶
Sea-level rise raises coastal flood exposure for Singapore²⁶³⁷

Where it is unsettled

How fast low-carbon electricity imports can replace gas generation⁸¹³
How the 2035 emissions range will be met given its stated conditions¹⁵¹⁶
How flood losses and heat illness should be recorded and counted⁵²⁵³

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

15Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Accompanying Information. Submission to the UNFCCC, February 2025. Observation year 2035 (target). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-02/Singapore%20Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdfback
16National Climate Change Secretariat (ed.), Singapore submits 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (announcement of 10 February 2025). NCCS, Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://nccs.gov.sg/singapore-submits-2035-nationally-determined-contributionback
46UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), Paris Agreement. United Nations, Paris, 2015. The treaty page returned no text at evidence close. Observation year 2015.back
44UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Singapore (ed.), Carbon Pricing Act 2018. Singapore Statutes Online. The statute site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year 2018 (enactment).back
21National Climate Change Secretariat (ed.), Carbon Tax (carbon tax rates and coverage). NCCS, Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore; page dated 9 July 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontaxback
22Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Written Reply to Parliamentary Question on Carbon Tax, 24 September 2025. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.mse.gov.sg/latest-news/written-reply-to-parliamentary-question-on-carbon-tax/back
26Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), 2nd Reading of the Coastal Protection Bill: Opening Speech by Minister Grace Fu, 6 March 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.mse.gov.sg/latest-news/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill—opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu/back
45UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Singapore (ed.), Cybersecurity Act 2018. Singapore Statutes Online. Not opened at evidence close. Observation year 2018 (enactment).back
33Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore Green Plan 2030 (national sustainability plan page). Singapore Green Plan Office. Observation year as published, not dated on the page. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.greenplan.gov.sg/back
25Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.mse.gov.sg/policies/water/back
13Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore and Indonesia make substantive progress on electricity imports (media release). EMA, Singapore, 5 September 2024. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://ema.gov.sg/content/dam/corporate/news/media-releases/2024/20240905-Media-Release-Singapore-Indonesia-Make-Substantive-Progress-On-Electricity-Imports.pdf.coredownload.pdfback
43UNVERIFIED, not opened: Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore’s Energy Story (national energy transition, solar and hydrogen goals). EMA, Singapore. Known from search results only. Observation year as published, not bound.back
42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infocomm Media Development Authority (ed.), Green Data Centre Roadmap. IMDA, Singapore, 2024. The agency page did not render at evidence close. Observation year 2024.back
27Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.sfa.gov.sg/news-publications/newsroom/singapore-food-statistics-2025back
47UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. Observation year 2015.back
48UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022.back
56UNVERIFIED, not opened: Monetary Authority of Singapore (ed.), Singapore-Asia Taxonomy for Sustainable Finance and insurance sector records. MAS, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back
19International Monetary Fund (ed.), IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Singapore (Press Release No. 26/253). IMF, Washington DC, 20 July 2026; Board conclusion 15 July 2026. Observation year 2025 (outturn) and 2026 to 2027 (projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/07/20/pr26253-singapore-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultationback
34POST-CLOSE, context only: H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. doi:10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647. Observation year 2023. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the report text was not read. doi:10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647 back
35POST-CLOSE, context only: P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), IPBES Nexus Assessment: Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13850054. Observation year 2024. Bibliographic record opened through DataCite on 3 November 2026; the report text was not read. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13850054 back
36POST-CLOSE, context only: J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., “Future climate risk from compound events,” Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469–477, 2018. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3. Observation year 2018. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3 back
37POST-CLOSE, context only: K. Ng, G. G. Garner, S. Weeks, P. Hogarth, M. Palmer et al., “Robust Sea-Level Projections for Singapore by 2100 and 2150,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 130, 2025. doi:10.1029/2024JC021840. Observation year 2025. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read and its figures are not used. doi:10.1029/2024JC021840 back
38POST-CLOSE, context only: J. Koplitz, L. J. Mickley, M. E. Marlier et al., “Public health impacts of the severe haze in Equatorial Asia in September–October 2015,” Environmental Research Letters, vol. 11, 094023, 2016. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094023. Observation year 2015. Bibliographic record opened through Crossref on 3 November 2026; the article text was not read. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094023 back
39UNVERIFIED, not opened: Centre for Climate Research Singapore (ed.), Singapore’s Third National Climate Change Study (V3) climate projections. Meteorological Service Singapore, 2024. Observation year 2024 (release year taken from press coverage). The sea-level range used in this edition is quoted from [26], not from this study.back
14Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore’s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/cmd-documents/ghg-documents/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdfback
20International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2026/english/1sgpea2026001.pdfback
1DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), population ages 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), population ages 0-14 and urban population, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC; database record last updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=jsonback
2World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), total fertility rate (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN), infant mortality rate and physicians per 1,000 people, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (life expectancy, fertility, infant mortality) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=jsonback
3World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: GDP current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), GDP growth (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG), GNI per capita Atlas method (NY.GNP.PCAP.CD), trade as a share of GDP and food imports as a share of merchandise imports, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=jsonback
5World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=jsonback
8Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch02/index2back
9Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV systems, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch02/index2back
10Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 3.2 electricity consumption by sub-sector and Table 4.1 electricity balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch03/index3back
11Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 1.1 imports of energy products and Table 4.2 natural gas balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://ema.gov.sg/resources/singapore-energy-statistics/chapter1back
12Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.3 electricity grid emission factors, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch02/index2back
28Singapore Food Agency (ed.), SFA remains committed to food resilience (reply of 26 June 2025, citing Singapore Food Statistics 2024). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.sfa.gov.sg/news-publications/newsroom/2025/sfa-remains-committed-to-food-resilienceback
23National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025back
59National Environment Agency (ed.), dengue case counts for 2025: 3,990 cases as at 26 December 2025 and 13,651 cases in 2024, as reported by The Star (ANN/Straits Times) from NEA data, published 28 December 2025. Secondary report of the NEA series; the NEA page itself was not opened for 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2025/12/28/dengue-cases-in-singapore-hit-a-seven-year-low-in-2025-amid-global-decreaseback
31Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (ed.), Singapore posts record port performance in 2025 and develops future readiness through industry collaborations for 2026 (media release of 13 January 2026). MPA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.mpa.gov.sg/media-centre/details/singapore-posts-record-port-performance-in-2025-and-develops-future-readiness-through-industry-collaborations-for-2026back
49UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations Environment Programme (ed.), Emissions Gap Report 2025. UNEP, Nairobi, 2025. The agency page returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year 2025.back
50UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025. UNDRR, Geneva, 2025. The agency page returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year 2025.back
32Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (ed.), Singapore Cyber Landscape 2025/2026 (publication page, released 30 June 2026; the full report was not read, so no incident counts are used). CSA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.csa.gov.sg/resources/publications/singapore-cyber-landscape-2025-2026/back
52UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back
53UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Health (ed.), national health statistics and heat-illness records. MOH, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back

Cite this chapter

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Chapter 6: Readings from the other desks. In Singapore Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: The State of Singapore’s Interdependent Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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`bp-members`browser storage	Strictly necessaryCommunity directories (BuddyPress)	As the provider sets it	First party
`bp-blogs`browser storage	Strictly necessaryCommunity directories (BuddyPress)	As the provider sets it	First party
`bp-messages`browser storage	Strictly necessaryCommunity directories (BuddyPress)	As the provider sets it	First party