Draft, not yet released. In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.

Data appendix

The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.

12 min read0 figures7 tables30 notesNR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE

Contents
  1. ·Edition home
  2. ·Executive summary
  3. 1Singapore’s risk arrives through imports, heat and the sea
  4. 2Key findings
  5. 3Systems and sectors at baseline
  6. 4Risks and capability
  7. 5Imported-fuel interruption during a heat-stress period
  8. 6Readings from the other desks
  9. 7The 2027 agenda
  10. 8Systems in depth
  11. AMethodology
  12. BData appendix
    1. B.1 The indicator set
    2. B.2 National source register
    3. B.3 Regional reading, Singapore by planning region
    4. B.4 Atlas card, Coast and low-lying areas (island-wide)
    5. B.5 Singapore system card
    6. B.6 Licences
    7. B.7 Formats and provenance
  13. CReferences and record
  14. ·Complete edition, for print

B.1The indicator set

Table B.1Baseline indicator set
IndicatorValueUnitYearStateSource
Population6.11million2025Reported7
Aged 65 or over14.2%2025Reported1
Life expectancy at birth83.3years2024Reported2
Total fertility0.97births per woman2024Reported2
GDP, current prices603.9US$ billion2025Reported3
GDP growth5.0%2025Reported3
GNI per capita, Atlas method81,760US$2025Reported3
Trade320% of GDP2025Reported3
Net greenhouse-gas emissions58.59Mt CO₂e2022Reported14
Projected peak emissions, about 202861.92Mt CO₂e2028Reported14
NDC range for 203545–50Mt CO₂e2035Reported15
Natural gas share of electricity93.1%2025Reported8
Solar PV share of electricity2.7%2025Reported8
Installed solar capacity2,132MWp2025Reported9
Electricity consumption58.05TWh2025Reported10
Grid emission factor0.404kg CO₂ per kWh2025Reported12
Local share of fibre consumption8%2025Reported27
Local share of protein consumption25%2025Reported27
Annual mean temperature28.1°C2025Reported23
Annual rainfall2,984.9mm2025Reported23
Days of high heat stress29days2025Reported23
Dengue cases in 20253,990cases2025Reported59
Renewable internal freshwater per person106m³2022Reported6
Forest area21.8% of land2024Reported5
Terrestrial protected land4.6% of land2025Reported5
Health expenditure4.5% of GDP2023Reported6
Projected growth3.5%2026Reported19
Change in net emissions, 2020 to 2022+8.8%2022Estimated14
Fossil share of electricity94.3%2025Estimated8
Indicators, CSVIndicators, JSON

B.2National source register

The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.

Domains bound by the register

  • WAT
  • ENE
  • FOO
  • HLT
  • BIO
  • CLI
  • INF
  • FIN
  • TRD
  • MIN
Table B.3National source register
SourceCategoryCoveragePeriodCadenceRole
World Bank country data123456international organisationnational2022–2025annualprofile
NPTD Population in Brief7government agencynational2025annualprofile
EMA Singapore Energy Statistics89101112regulatornational2025–2026annualENE
UNFCCC submissions and NEA inventory page141517government agencynational2022–2035biennialCLI
Climate Action Tracker18research consortiumnational2024periodicCLI
IMF Article IV record1920international organisationnational2026annualFIN
Climate assessment23government agencynational2025annualCLI
Food statistics2728government agencynational2024–2025annualFOO
Dengue counts59government agencynational2025weeklyHLT
Flood, nature and health surveillance records525354government agencynationalnot boundannualCLI
Statistical releases55national statisticsnationalnot boundannualprofile

B.3Regional reading, Singapore by planning region

Map plates for every planning area follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form.

National context157

6.11million

population, June 2025

8,329people per km²

density, 2024

724.8km²

land area, 2024

14.2%

aged 65 or over, 2025

Table B.4Regional reading, Singapore by planning region
RegionPrincipal hazardsSystems most exposedBaseline evidence
Island-wide coastsea level, storm surge and tide, up to 5 m above present meandrainage, roads, ports, powercoastal protection speech26
Reservoirs and catchmentrainfall variability; two-thirds of land is catchmentwater, drainagewater policy page25
Jurong Islandnot bound; a desalination plant opened there in 2022water, energy, industryasset records not bound52
Port and Marina areasnot bound; the port handled 44.66 million TEU in 2025trade, bunkering, food importsport release31
Housing estatesheat stress on 29 days in 2025health, power, coolingisland-wide record23
Nature reserves and parksnot boundwater, biodiversityextent not bound40

B.4Atlas card, Coast and low-lying areas (island-wide)

  • coast
  • sea level
  • storm surge and tide
  • 2026 framework
Systems in view
drainage, roads, ports, power and health
Defining evidence
sea level may rise by up to 1.15 m by 2100; with storm surge and tide the level could reach up to 5 m above today’s mean; around 30% of Singapore could be flooded by seawater26
Couplings
CLI → INF → FIN; CLI → HLT
Capability evidence
coastal protection framework in the 2026 bill26
Gaps
flood loss records; asset condition; insurance cover
Agenda items
A-02 · A-05

The minister’s second-reading speech describes boundaries, landowner duties, a capital grant and a code of practice; government and statutory boards own about 70% of the coastline [26].

COAST

Framework

Source: national water agency flood and drainage records [52]. Blocker: not retrieved by evidence close.

WATER

Not bound

Source: Ministry of Health records [53]. Blocker: not retrieved by evidence close.

HEALTH AND CARE

Not bound

B.5Singapore system card

The card through which Singapore appears in the ASEAN regional edition and the global series. It summarises; it does not rank.

Table B.5Singapore system card
SystemBaseline stateCoupling to watchCoverage
Water440 million gallons a day; four national tapsdry spells and power lossPARTIAL
Energy93.1% gas electricity; over 90% imported gasfuel interruption and price shocksPARTIAL
Foodlocal 8% fibre and 25% proteinimport and farm shocksPARTIAL
Health14.2% aged 65 or over; dengue 3,990 cases in 2025heat and vector seasonsPARTIAL
Biodiversityforest 21.8%; protected land 4.6%land use and heatTHIN

Context

Archetype
city-state, import-dependent for fuel and food, trade hub
Population
6.11 million (June 2025)7
Trade
trade 320% of GDP; 44.66 million TEU in 2025331
Climate effort
highly insufficient in the 2024 assessment18

Singapore’s card sits beside its neighbours’; shared basins, grids, corridors and supply chains are read as one regional system.

ASEAN REGIONAL EDITION

One regional system

Singaporean evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers, so a correction travels everywhere at once.

GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES

Same findings, same IDs

In the global edition Singapore is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.

GLOBAL FLAGSHIP

Peers, not ranks

B.6Licences

Table B.6Licences of each kind of material
MaterialLicence
TextCC BY 4.0
Dataon the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0
FiguresNexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited
Mapsboundary source and licence printed on each plate
MetadataCC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it
Third-party data, figures and textThe source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed
Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.

B.7Formats and provenance

Table B.7This edition in every format
FormatKindStateWhat it isIdentifier
Web editionHTMLOn this siteDraft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Print editionPDFAt releaseA4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Indicator dataCSV · JSONOn this site29 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE data release v1
FiguresSVG · PNGOn this site4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.FIG-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-*
SlidesPDFNot recordedNo slide deck is recorded for this edition.
Evidence briefHTML · PDFNot recordedNo evidence brief is recorded for this edition.
Dataset with DOIDataCiteAt releaseConcept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.

Provenance

Edition pack
The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
Evidence cut
NQ-SGP-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026
Reproducibility
sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
Self-check
14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
Review
five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
Publisher of record
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
Corrections
Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

  1. 7National Population and Talent Division, Strategy Group (ed.), Population in Brief 2025: Key Trends. Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore. Observation year 2025 (as at June 2025; total fertility 2024). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.population.gov.sg/population-in-brief-2025-key-trends/back
  2. 1DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), population ages 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), population ages 0-14 and urban population, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC; database record last updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=jsonback
  3. 2World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN), total fertility rate (SP.DYN.TFRT.IN), infant mortality rate and physicians per 1,000 people, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (life expectancy, fertility, infant mortality) and 2022 (physicians). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=jsonback
  4. 3World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: GDP current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), GDP growth (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG), GNI per capita Atlas method (NY.GNP.PCAP.CD), trade as a share of GDP and food imports as a share of merchandise imports, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=jsonback
  5. 14Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore’s First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 (BTR1) to the UNFCCC, hosted by the National Environment Agency. Submitted November 2024. Observation year 2022 (inventory) with projections to 2030. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/cmd-documents/ghg-documents/singapore%27s-first-biennial-transparency-report-2024.pdfback
  6. 15Government of Singapore (ed.), Singapore’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Accompanying Information. Submission to the UNFCCC, February 2025. Observation year 2035 (target). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-02/Singapore%20Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdfback
  7. 8Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.1 energy flows for electricity generators and Table 2.2 annual fuel mix for electricity generation, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore; tables accurate as of September 2026, 2026 data as at June 2026. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch02/index2back
  8. 9Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.4 electricity generation capacity by technology type and Table 2.6 installed capacity of grid-connected solar PV systems, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025 and first half of 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch02/index2back
  9. 10Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 3.2 electricity consumption by sub-sector and Table 4.1 electricity balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch03/index3back
  10. 12Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 2.3 electricity grid emission factors, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.ema.gov.sg/singapore-energy-statistics/Ch02/index2back
  11. 27Singapore Food Agency (ed.), Singapore Food Statistics 2025 (media release of 8 May 2026). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.sfa.gov.sg/news-publications/newsroom/singapore-food-statistics-2025back
  12. 23National Environment Agency and Meteorological Service Singapore (eds.), Singapore records wettest ever March and hottest ever June and November in 2025 (Annual Climate Assessment 2025 release of 23 March 2026). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/spore-records-wettest-ever-march-and-hottest-ever-june-and-november-in-2025back
  13. 59National Environment Agency (ed.), dengue case counts for 2025: 3,990 cases as at 26 December 2025 and 13,651 cases in 2024, as reported by The Star (ANN/Straits Times) from NEA data, published 28 December 2025. Secondary report of the NEA series; the NEA page itself was not opened for 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2025/12/28/dengue-cases-in-singapore-hit-a-seven-year-low-in-2025-amid-global-decreaseback
  14. 6World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), annual freshwater withdrawals (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), safely managed drinking water and sanitation services and current health expenditure, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022 (freshwater), 2024 (water and sanitation access) and 2023 (health expenditure). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/ER.H2O.INTR.PC?format=jsonback
  15. 5World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: land area, population density, forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and agricultural land, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 (protected areas) and 2024 (other series). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?format=jsonback
  16. 19International Monetary Fund (ed.), IMF Executive Board Concludes 2026 Article IV Consultation with Singapore (Press Release No. 26/253). IMF, Washington DC, 20 July 2026; Board conclusion 15 July 2026. Observation year 2025 (outturn) and 2026 to 2027 (projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/07/20/pr26253-singapore-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultationback
  17. 4World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: electric power consumption per capita (EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC), energy use per capita and PM2.5 air pollution exposure, Singapore. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024 (electricity, energy use) and 2023 (PM2.5). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SGP/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC?format=jsonback
  18. 11Energy Market Authority (ed.), Singapore Energy Statistics 2026: Table 1.1 imports of energy products and Table 4.2 natural gas balance, read from the SES_tabular workbook published with the chapter. EMA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://ema.gov.sg/resources/singapore-energy-statistics/chapter1back
  19. 17National Environment Agency (ed.), Greenhouse gas inventory (national emissions page). NEA, Singapore. Observation year 2023 (55.5 Mt CO2-eq as stated on the page). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-inventoryback
  20. 18Climate Action Tracker (ed.), “Singapore” country assessment. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute; the page lists an update dated 28 August 2024. Observation year 2030 (target and policy projections). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/singapore/back
  21. 20International Monetary Fund (ed.), Singapore: 2026 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director (IMF Country Report No. 26/185). IMF, Washington DC, 2026. Observation year 2025 (trade and energy exposure) and 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2026/english/1sgpea2026001.pdfback
  22. 28Singapore Food Agency (ed.), SFA remains committed to food resilience (reply of 26 June 2025, citing Singapore Food Statistics 2024). SFA, Singapore. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.sfa.gov.sg/news-publications/newsroom/2025/sfa-remains-committed-to-food-resilienceback
  23. 52UNVERIFIED, not opened: PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency (ed.), drainage, flood-prone area and reservoir records. PUB, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; the agency site returned a 403 error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back
  24. 53UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Health (ed.), national health statistics and heat-illness records. MOH, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back
  25. 54UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Environment Agency (ed.), haze and Pollutant Standards Index records. NEA, Singapore. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back
  26. 55UNVERIFIED, not opened: Singapore Department of Statistics (ed.), statistical releases and Singapore in Figures. SingStat, Singapore. Source for designed gaps; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back
  27. 26Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), 2nd Reading of the Coastal Protection Bill: Opening Speech by Minister Grace Fu, 6 March 2026. MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.mse.gov.sg/latest-news/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill—opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu/back
  28. 25Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (ed.), Water (policy page: four national taps, demand, Johor agreement, household use). MSE, Singapore. Observation year 2026 (page), 2023 (household use). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.mse.gov.sg/policies/water/back
  29. 31Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (ed.), Singapore posts record port performance in 2025 and develops future readiness through industry collaborations for 2026 (media release of 13 January 2026). MPA, Singapore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.mpa.gov.sg/media-centre/details/singapore-posts-record-port-performance-in-2025-and-develops-future-readiness-through-industry-collaborations-for-2026back
  30. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Parks Board (ed.), nature reserves and nature areas of Singapore (agency page). NParks, Singapore. Source for a designed gap; the agency page returned an error at evidence close. Observation year none bound.back

Cite this annex

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Annex B: Data appendix. In Singapore Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: The State of Singapore’s Interdependent Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

ReportsContribute

Send evidence or a correction on Singapore.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the GCRI Systems Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.

GCRI Systems Evidence deskCountry Systems Risk and Resilience

Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.

CC BY 4.0 Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.

The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation

Science · evidence · measurement

Not for profit

Our articles, maps and twins are free to read and free to republish. Readers and partners keep it that way.

Partner with us

Who funds us

GCRI is a not-for-profit institution. To ask who funds a piece of work, use the funding questions form.

Independence

Editors and the expert reviewers named on each article decide what we publish. Funders and partners do not review or approve articles before publication.

Corrections policy

Licence

Articles: CC BY 4.0. Figures, maps, twins and data: CC BY 4.0. Other uses: ask through the permissions form.

Privacy choices