Data appendix
The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Fusion is an experiment record and a fuel-cycle question
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5First-plant fuel and licence set the pace
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
B.1The indicator set
| Indicator | Value | Unit | Year | State | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NIF fusion energy produced, 7 April 2025 | 8.6 | MJ | 2025 | Reported | 5 |
| NIF laser energy delivered to target, 2025 | 2.08 | MJ | 2025 | Reported | 5 |
| NIF target gain, 2025 | 4.13 | times | 2025 | Reported | 5 |
| NIF fusion energy produced, 5 December 2022 | 3.15 | MJ | 2022 | Reported | 6 |
| NIF laser energy delivered to target, 2022 | 2.05 | MJ | 2022 | Reported | 6 |
| JET fusion energy over about 5 seconds | 69 | MJ | 2023 | Reported | 4 |
| WEST plasma duration | 1,337 | seconds | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| WEST heating power in the record pulse | 2 | MW | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| EAST high-confinement plasma duration | 1,066 | seconds | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| Wendelstein 7-X long-pulse triple product record held for | 43 | seconds | 2025 | Reported | 3 |
| ITER start of deuterium-tritium operation | 2039 | year | 2039 plan | Scenario | 7 |
| Private fusion funding, 12 months to July 2026 | 4.48 | USD billion | 2026 | Reported | 10 |
| Private fusion funding, cumulative | 14.24 | USD billion | 2026 | Reported | 10 |
| Companies in the 2026 survey | 56 | companies | 2026 | Reported | 10 |
| UK government fusion funding over five years | >2.5 | GBP billion | 2026 | Reported | 15 |
| German fusion funding by 2029 | >2 | EUR billion | 2025 | Reported | 16 |
B.2Global source register
The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.
Domains bound by the register
- INF
- FIN
- MIN
- ENE
- GOV
- CLI
- TRD
- WAT
- HLT
- FOO
| Source | Category | Coverage | Period | Cadence | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LLNL annual report page5 | national laboratory | one facility | 2025 | annual | inertial results |
| CEA page1 | national research agency | one device | 2025 | one-off | plasma duration |
| WNN on JET4 | trade news service | one device | 2024 | one-off | energy record |
| ITER project page7 | international project | ITER | 2026 | continuous | baseline |
| IAEA outlook via news9 | intergovernmental agency | global | 2025 | annual | device count |
| FIA surveys via news1011 | trade association | global | 2025 to 2026 | annual | investment |
| US DOE roadmap12 | national ministry | US | 2025 | periodic | plan |
| Federal Register notice14 | national regulator | US | 2026 | per rule | licensing |
| UK strategy15 | national government | UK | 2026 | periodic | funding |
| Coleman and Kovari20 | conference paper | global | 2018 | one-off | tritium |
B.3Regional reading, fusion across ten clusters
Regional plates follow with the regional editions. This page gives the regional reading of fusion infrastructure and exposure in table form and ranks no region.
| Region | Principal hazards | Systems most exposed | Baseline evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| North America | laser facility; regulator rule proposed; company plants stated | fuel, licensing | LLNL5; NRC14; DOE12 |
| South America | no source read | not bound | regional evidence (not bound) |
| Europe | JET results; Wendelstein 7-X; WEST; ITER site; UK and German plans | devices, funding | ITER7; UK15; Germany16 |
| Eurasia | no source read | not bound | regional evidence (not bound) |
| Middle East and North Africa | no documented coupling | not bound | regional evidence (not bound) |
| Africa | no documented coupling | not bound | regional evidence (not bound) |
| South Asia | ITER member; no further source read | not bound | ITER7 |
| East Asia | EAST; state-owned fusion company; national programmes | devices, funding | Physics World2; ANS19 |
| ASEAN | no source read | not bound | regional evidence (not bound) |
| Oceania-Pacific | no source read | not bound | regional evidence (not bound) |
B.4Cluster card: tritium and lithium fuel cycle
- fuel cycle
- tritium
- lithium-6
- single point
- Systems in view
- heavy-water reactors, tritium stores, enrichment, breeding blankets
- Defining events
- first plants stated for the 2030s with start-up fuel unresolved2021
- Couplings
- MIN → INF fuel; TRD → MIN transfer rules
- Capability evidence
- blanket and breeding research reported3921
- Gaps
- inventory; start-up demand; lithium-6 capacity
- Agenda items
- F-01 · F-02
Heavy-water reactors are the only commercial source of tritium, and the amount free for fusion in 2055 ranges from 0 to 27.7 kg across scenarios [20].
SUPPLY
One commercial tritium source
Natural lithium holds 7.4% lithium-6, blankets need 30 to 90%, and current supply is effectively zero according to one presentation [21].
FUEL
Lithium-6 is scarce
Reported responses include breeding blankets, natural-lithium concepts and new enrichment methods. None is documented at scale here [21] [33].
RESPONSE
Breeding and new enrichment
B.5How countries appear in the fusion edition
Countries enter the fusion edition through the readiness chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.
| Card field | What it shows | Source |
|---|---|---|
| WEFH+B state | each core system against peer distribution bands | national edition |
| Couplings | the national dependency matrix | national edition |
| Risk objects | the national risk portfolio | national edition |
| Capability rungs | the national capability ladder | national edition |
| Evidence age | oldest and newest source dates | national source register |
Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme
26national
countries and unions
10regional
clusters
16global
flagship and sector
20frontier
technology reports
How to read a country card
- Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist
- Couplings and risk objects come from the country’s own national edition
- Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions
- Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such
| Wave | Countries and unions | State |
|---|---|---|
| W0 | Canada | ISSUED |
| W1 | United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland | PLANNED |
| W2 | Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Türkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia | PLANNED |
B.6Licences
| Material | Licence |
|---|---|
| Text | CC BY 4.0 |
| Data | on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0 |
| Figures | Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited |
| Maps | boundary source and licence printed on each plate |
| Metadata | CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it |
| Third-party data, figures and text | The source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed |
| Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence. | |
B.7Formats and provenance
| Format | Kind | State | What it is | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web edition | HTML | On this site | Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source. | NR-XTECH-FUSION-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 |
| Print edition | At release | A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release. | NR-XTECH-FUSION-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | |
| Indicator data | CSV · JSON | On this site | 16 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release. | NR-XTECH-FUSION-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1 |
| Figures | SVG · PNG | On this site | 4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder. | FIG-XTECH-FUSION-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-* |
| Slides | Not recorded | No slide deck is recorded for this edition. | ||
| Evidence brief | HTML · PDF | Not recorded | No evidence brief is recorded for this edition. | |
| Dataset with DOI | DataCite | At release | Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet. |
Provenance
- Edition pack
- The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
- Evidence cut
- DC-XTECH-FUSION-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026
- Reproducibility
- sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
- Self-check
- 14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
- Review
- five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
- Publisher of record
- The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
- Corrections
- Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 5Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (ed.), National Ignition Facility 2025 (annual report page; 8.6 MJ on 7 April 2025 from 2.08 MJ delivered, target gain 4.13; refurbishment and enhanced yield capability to 2.6 MJ). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 6Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (ed.), NIF fusion ignition shot hailed as historic scientific feat (news page; shot of 5 December 2022, 3.15 MJ from 2.05 MJ; announced 13 December 2022). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 4World Nuclear News (ed.), New world record set in JET final fusion experiments (news report of 9 February 2024; 69 MJ over 5 seconds from 0.2 milligrams of fuel; 59 MJ in 2021). World Nuclear Association, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 1CEA IRFM (ed.), WEST sets a new plasma duration record (news page; plasma 61299, 12 February 2025, 1,337 seconds, 2 MW lower hybrid heating, 2.6 GJ injected and extracted). Commissariat a l energie atomique et aux energies alternatives, Cadarache. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2Physics World (ed.), China experimental advanced superconducting tokamak smashes fusion confinement record (news report; EAST 1066 seconds in high confinement, January 2025; earlier 403 seconds in 2023). IOP Publishing, Bristol. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 3World Nuclear News (ed.), Wendelstein 7-X sets new fusion performance records (news report of 4 June 2025; long-pulse triple product held for 43 seconds; announcement by the research institute and EUROfusion; peer-reviewed article not yet published at announcement). World Nuclear Association, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 7ITER Organization (ed.), ITER in a few lines (project page; baseline reviewed by the ITER Council in November 2024; start of research operation 2034; deuterium-tritium operation 2039; Q of 10, 500 MW from 50 MW). ITER Organization, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10World Nuclear News (ed.), Fusion industry raised USD4.5 billion in past year, report says (14 July 2026; Fusion Industry Association 2026 survey: USD 4.48 billion in 12 months, USD 14.24 billion cumulative, 56 companies; an industry survey, weak evidence). World Nuclear Association, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 15UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (ed.), A new energy revolution: the UK plan for delivering fusion energy (policy paper of 16 March 2026; over GBP 2.5 billion over five years; GBP 1.3 billion for STEP and UK Fusion Energy; the first 100,000 of 127,790 characters were read). UK Government, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16Clean Energy Wire (ed.), German government pledges more than EUR 2 bln for nuclear fusion (news report of 2 October 2025; cabinet plan of 1 October 2025). Clean Energy Wire, Berlin. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 9World Nuclear News (ed.), Fusion entering implementation phase, says Grossi (report on the IAEA World Fusion Outlook 2025; more than 160 devices; private investment above USD 10 billion; October 2025). World Nuclear Association, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 11World Nuclear News (ed.), Access to funding remains a major issue for fusion, says FIA (report on the Fusion Industry Association 2025 survey of 23 July 2025: USD 2.64 billion, USD 9.766 billion cumulative, 53 companies; an industry survey, weak evidence). World Nuclear Association, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 12US Department of Energy (ed.), Energy Department announces Fusion Science and Technology Roadmap to accelerate commercial fusion power (announcement of 16 October 2025; Build-Innovate-Grow; power on the grid by the mid-2030s; no funding commitment). US Department of Energy, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 14US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (ed.), Federal Register notice of 26 February 2026, proposed rule on regulatory framework for fusion machines (10 CFR part 30; comments due 27 May 2026; the first 100,000 of 168,363 characters were read). Office of the Federal Register, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 20Coleman, M. and Kovari, M., Global supply of tritium for fusion R and D from heavy water reactors (conference paper, UK Atomic Energy Authority; abstract and introduction read from the PDF; 0 to 27.7 kg available in 2055 across scenarios; 7.4 kg for a demonstration reactor in 2055 in one case). UK Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 19American Nuclear Society (ed.), China launches fusion-focused company (news report of 30 July 2025; China Fusion Energy Co., 15 billion yuan registered capital, subsidiary of a state nuclear group; BEST tokamak in Hefei hoped for 2027). American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 21Pearson, R.J., The availability and supply of critical natural resources for the realisation of a fusion pilot plant: fuels for fusion (presentation to the US Department of Energy fusion workshop, 1 to 3 June 2022; lithium-6 is 7.4% of natural lithium; blankets need 30 to 90%; supply effectively zero; a company presentation, weak evidence). Kyoto Fusioneering, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: Abdou, M. et al., Physics and technology considerations for the deuterium-tritium fuel cycle and conditions for tritium fuel self sufficiency, Nuclear Fusion 61, 013001, 2021, cited from memory. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back