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Climate and hazards · Disaster and crisis

Iklim dan Bahaya di Reports

Physical climate risks, weather extremes and hazard interactions grounded in observed and modelled evidence. This page shows the series it feeds, the evidence behind it and how to contribute.

Seri
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Sistem
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Metode
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01In brief

What this area brings to the editions.

Physical climate risks, weather extremes and hazard interactions grounded in observed and modelled evidence.

02Bidang

Climate and Hazards on the map.

Peta interaktif memerlukan JavaScript. Daftar lapisan dan sumber tersedia di bawah.

Lapisan 3

Sinyal iklim, untuk halaman ini

Tentang lapisan ini
Bukti
Teramati (awan yang menetap tetap menyisakan celah)
Sumber
VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8 harian (NASA LANCE)
Penyedia
NASA LANCE
Lisensi
Data terbuka NASA
Tahun data
8 harian; komposit satelit 8 hari; awan yang menetap tetap menyisakan celah
Terbaru saat build
2026-09-14
Resolusi
kisi sekitar 1 km
Ketidakpastian
Suhu kulit permukaan tanah dari satelit selama 8 hari hingga tanggal yang ditampilkan, indikator keterpaparan panas; bukan suhu udara, indeks panas, atau peringatan panas.
Dijangkau melalui
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
Bukti
Estimasi
Sumber
GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)
Penyedia
NASA GES DISC
Lisensi
Data terbuka NASA
Tahun data
harian; estimasi satelit, mendekati waktu nyata
Terbaru saat build
2026-10-12
Resolusi
kisi sekitar 2 km
Ketidakpastian
Estimasi satelit, mendekati waktu nyata. Raster satelit atau model sebagaimana diterbitkan penyedia. Awan, celah jalur sapuan, dan galat pengambilan data menyisakan celah dan derau; nilai-nilainya adalah indikator, bukan pengukuran di suatu tempat.
Dijangkau melalui
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
Bukti
Estimasi
Sumber
Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Universitas Columbia))
Penyedia
NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Universitas Columbia)
Lisensi
CC BY 4.0
Tahun data
produk statis; estimasi berbasis sensus, statis (2020)
Resolusi
kisi sekitar 1 km
Ketidakpastian
Estimasi berbasis sensus jumlah penduduk per kilometer persegi pada 2020, ditampilkan sebagai konteks keterpaparan; bukan hitungan orang yang terdampak bahaya apa pun.
Dijangkau melalui
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
Bukti
Teramati
Sumber
Reflektansi terkoreksi VIIRS NOAA-20 (NASA LANCE)
Penyedia
NASA LANCE
Lisensi
Data terbuka NASA
Tahun data
harian; citra satelit
Terbaru saat build
2026-10-14
Resolusi
kisi sekitar 250 m
Ketidakpastian
Citra satelit. Raster satelit atau model sebagaimana diterbitkan penyedia. Awan, celah jalur sapuan, dan galat pengambilan data menyisakan celah dan derau; nilai-nilainya adalah indikator, bukan pengukuran di suatu tempat.
Dijangkau melalui
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
Bukti
Teramati
Sumber
GHRSST MUR25 (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
Penyedia
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
Lisensi
Data terbuka NASA
Tahun data
harian; analisis satelit
Terbaru saat build
2026-10-12
Resolusi
kisi sekitar 2 km
Ketidakpastian
Analisis satelit tentang seberapa jauh suhu laut menyimpang dari nilai biasanya pada tanggal yang ditampilkan; indikator panas laut, bukan peringatan pemutihan karang .
Dijangkau melalui
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
Bukti
Teramati (awan menyisakan celah)
Sumber
Produk Banjir Global VIIRS (NASA LANCE)
Penyedia
NASA LANCE
Lisensi
Data terbuka NASA
Tahun data
harian; deteksi satelit; awan menyisakan celah
Terbaru saat build
2026-10-14
Resolusi
kisi sekitar 250 m
Ketidakpastian
Deteksi satelit; awan menyisakan celah. Raster satelit atau model sebagaimana diterbitkan penyedia. Awan, celah jalur sapuan, dan galat pengambilan data menyisakan celah dan derau; nilai-nilainya adalah indikator, bukan pengukuran di suatu tempat.
Dijangkau melalui
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung

Terbaru yang tersedia

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © kontributor OpenStreetMap (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Memuat citra NASA terbaru.

Seret untuk menggeser. Ctrl atau ⌘ dan gulir, cubit, atau gunakan tombol untuk memperbesar. Arahkan kursor untuk melihat nilai di bawah penunjuk. Setel ulang untuk kembali ke wilayah.

Sinyal iklim, dibingkai pada dunia.Produk satelit dan model sebagaimana diterbitkan NASA, masing-masing dengan tanggalnya sendiri. Produk ini adalah indikator, bukan penilaian atas tempat mana pun.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © kontributor OpenStreetMap · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT · NASA AIRS

Sumber dan lisensi

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
  • Produk near-real-time VIIRS (banjir, suhu permukaan daratan, tutupan salju, reflektansi terkoreksi), NASA LANCE. Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
  • Presipitasi GPM IMERG, NASA Precipitation Processing System. Didistribusikan oleh NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Dilisensikan di bawah CC BY 4.0. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
  • ASTER GDEM adalah produk METI dan NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC). Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Kutip sebagai: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. Data terbuka NASA
  • Dibuat dengan Natural Earth. Data peta vektor dan raster gratis @ naturalearthdata.com. Domain publik
  • © kontributor OpenStreetMap (ODbL), melalui NASA GIBS (garis pantai, batas wilayah, jalan, dan nama tempat). Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory. Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
  • Konteks pada globe dan peta datar: garis pantai, batas wilayah, jalan, dan nama tempat dari lapisan acuan NASA GIBS (data OpenStreetMap, ODbL, © kontributor OpenStreetMap). Citra Blue Marble sebagai peta dasar opsional. Medan 3D dan keterangan elevasi dari indeks warna elevasi ASTER GDEM (kelas 5 m hingga 200 m, dilebih-lebihkan agar terbaca). Batas wilayah digambar sebagaimana diterbitkan dan tidak menyiratkan posisi atas wilayah mana pun.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © kontributor MapLibre.
  • Peristiwa langsung: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET). Peristiwa bersifat indikatif dan mempertahankan tautan sumber aslinya.
  • Langsung: NASA EONET. Peristiwa bersifat indikatif, bukan peringatan otoritas.
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Observed (EO): NASA AIRS. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Prakiraan kualitas udara, 5 hari, PM2.5 (CAMS melalui Open-Meteo): Memuat informasi Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service yang dimodifikasi, 2026.
  • Setahun terakhir, suhu harian (ERA5 melalui Open-Meteo): Memuat informasi Copernicus Climate Change Service yang dimodifikasi, 2026.
  • Setahun terakhir, suhu harian dan penyinaran matahari (NASA POWER): Data ini diperoleh dari Proyek POWER NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) yang didanai melalui NASA Earth Science/Applied Science Program..
  • Data cuaca oleh Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), dilisensikan di bawah CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Lapisan opsional (23 sumber dalam daftar lapisan: langsung, prakiraan, teramati, dan konteks) mencantumkan kredit penyedianya pada peta dan di sini saat diaktifkan; prakiraan adalah keluaran model dan indeks turunan adalah estimasi.

Lapisan dan tanggal

  • Suhu permukaan daratan, siang hari, komposit 8 hari: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8 hari, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Laju curah hujan, rata-rata harian: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC · 12 Okt 2026
  • Kepadatan penduduk, 2020: Penduduk: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · statis
  • Warna asli: reflektansi terkoreksi VIIRS NOAA-20, NASA LANCE · 13 Okt 2026
  • Anomali suhu permukaan laut: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 12 Okt 2026
  • Genangan banjir, komposit 3 hari: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Okt 2026

03In the editions

9 findings of the drafted editions that bear on Climate and Hazards.

Drawn from the Baseline Edition 2026 drafts through the sistem this area reads. Each opens at its anchor in its edition, with its numbered sources.

  1. AREUni Emirat ArabNet greenhouse-gas emissions were 195.2 Mt CO₂e in 2022 including land use, 0.8% below 2019; energy gave 164.1 Mt, industrial processes 29.6 Mt and waste 5.6 Mt, and land use removed 6.6 Mt.REPORTED · COUNTRY-ARE-CLI-001
  2. ARGArgentinaThe national inventory reports 400.9 MtCO₂e including land use for 2022, and 377.8 MtCO₂e net on the climate-contribution basis.REPORTED · COUNTRY-ARG-CLI-001
  3. AUUni AfrikaGDP was USD 2.21 trillion in 2025 and grew 4.1%, with GDP per person of USD 1,673 in current terms.REPORTED · COUNTRY-AU-FIN-009
  4. AUSAustraliaGreenhouse-gas emissions excluding land use were 591.5 Mt CO₂e in 2024, against 605.2 Mt in 2019 and 579.5 Mt in 2020.REPORTED · COUNTRY-AUS-CLI-001
  5. BRABrasilGross greenhouse-gas emissions fell 16.7% in 2024 to 2,145 Mt CO₂e, led by lower land-use change; net emissions were 1.49 Gt CO₂e. SEEG is a civil-society estimate, not the official inventory.REPORTED · COUNTRY-BRA-CLI-001
  6. CHESwissGreenhouse-gas emissions were 40.1 MtCO₂e in 2024, 27.3% below 1990 and 22.3% below when land use is included; transport emitted 13.4 MtCO₂e and international aviation and maritime a further 5.5 MtCO₂e outside the 2030 target.REPORTED · COUNTRY-CHE-CLI-001
  7. CHNTiongkokThe national mean temperature was 10.9 °C in 2025, 1.0 °C above the 1991 to 2020 normal and tied with 2024 as the highest since 1951; hot days averaged 16.5, the most since 1961.REPORTED · COUNTRY-CHN-CLI-001
  8. EUUni EropaNet domestic greenhouse-gas emissions were 40% below 1990 in 2024 and 3% below 2023; on the 2030 target basis the cut was 37%.REPORTED · COUNTRY-EU-CLI-001
  9. GS-02Energi GlobalEnergy-related CO2 emissions rose about 0.4% in 2025 to a record of more than 38 Gt.REPORTED · SECTOR-ENERGY-GLOBAL-CLI-004
04Evidence path

From Foundry evidence to the series.

The evidence, step by step, from the sistem this area reads to the series it feeds.

How Climate and Hazards reaches Laporan: what it reads, how it reads it, the sealed cut and the series it feeds.

LangkahApa yang terjadiSumber
01 What it readsClimate and Hazards reads NXS-EOP (observasi bumi dan kembaran digital) , dan NXS-EWS (pemantauan dan peringatan multi-bahaya): governed sources with their releases, never a value without its source.
02 How it reads themClimate and atmospheric science and Earth and geophysical science turn the evidence into findings, with assumptions and limits stated beside each value.
03 The cut is sealedEach quarter the evidence is sealed in one cut, so OBSERVED, REPORTED and ESTIMATED values stay apart and every edition can be rebuilt.
04 The series it feedsThe cut feeds Global Systems Risk and Resilience and Observatory Signal, from the Baseline Edition 2026 into the quarterly series.
05 Who decidesDecisions stay with the authorities that hold them, under their own rules; an edition informs a decision and never makes it.

A teaching model of the evidence path, not a forecast and not a record of any run; the systems, methods and series named come from the registries. Sources: Iklim dan Bahaya di Reports (2026); Climate and Hazards home (2026).

05Seri

The series it feeds, and what backs each.

SeriFoundry systems it draws onAcademy disciplinesSeries home
Global Sistem Risk and ResilienceThe Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX) coupled-system cascades and the fused indicator series behind a global synthesis
NXS-DSS (kasus keputusan dan deliberasi) the cross-field scenario sets an edition compares
Risiko sistemik, majemuk, dan berantai
Nexus air, energi, pangan, dan ekosistem
Risiko katastrofik global
Global Systems Risk and Resilience series home
Sinyal ObservatoriumNXS-OPS (instrumen, sensor, dan kalibrasi) calibrated primary observations and their uncertainty budgets
NXS-EWS whether an anomaly was forecast and how well
NXS-EOP observational change products that corroborate a signal
NXS-SIG spectrum and timing anomalies that affect dependent services
Analisis geospasial, observasi Bumi, dan GeoAI
Ilmu iklim, variabilitas, dan perubahan
Sistem antariksa, cuaca antariksa, dan navigasi
Observatory Signal series home
Skenario dan Uji TekananNXS-DSS combined scenario sets and the option appraisals run on them
NXS-GRX the cascade paths a stress test follows
Analisis skenario dan uji tekanan
Ketidakpastian dan pengambilan keputusan
Systemic, compound and berjenjang
Scenario and Stress-Test series home
06Backed by

The systems, methods and teaching behind it.

09Berkontribusi

Contribute on Climate and Hazards.

Evidence, a case, a correction, a method or profile input on this subject. The composer tags it with this area and its series.

Contribution composer

Write a contribution the editor can act on.

Say what it is, where its record is kept and on which licence. It arrives tagged with this page, its area and its gateway, so it reaches the editor who owns it.

Your email opens with the subject and a template already filled in for GW-GCRI.

  • Bukti
  • Koreksi
  • Studi kasus
  • Analysis or method
  • Tinjauan sejawat
  • Penerjemahan
  • Profile input

Never send personal data or sensitive infrastructure detail. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights.

10Sains terbuka

Open science for Climate and Hazards.

How a contribution on this subject is deposited, identified, credited, licensed and found, and the metadata for it prefilled from this page.

Climate and Hazards’s open record

Bidang
Iklim dan Bahaya
Feeds
Global Systems Risk and Resilience, Observatory Signal, Scenario and Stress-Test
Catatan
A UNI for every accepted contribution; cited with its DOI in the edition that uses it
Tautan
isSupplementTo the edition it informs; isNewVersionOf its earlier version
Lisensi
CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0

Credit and identity

ORCID
Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
ROR
Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone
CRediT
Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing
Akun
None needed to contribute; never a password

Find and follow

Search the open indexes for Climate and Hazards; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.

Mirrors and harvest

The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.

InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Climate and Hazards, prefilled from this page
{
  "metadata": {
    "resource_type": {
      "id": "dataset"
    },
    "title": "Evidence on Climate and Hazards for Nexus Reports",
    "publication_date": "YYYY-MM-DD",
    "creators": [
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        "person_or_org": {
          "type": "personal",
          "family_name": "Your family name",
          "given_name": "Your given name",
          "identifiers": [
            {
              "scheme": "orcid",
              "identifier": "0000-0000-0000-0000"
            }
          ]
        },
        "affiliations": [
          {
            "id": "ROR identifier of your organisation"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "description": "What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Climate and Hazards in Nexus Reports.",
    "rights": [
      {
        "id": "cc-by-4.0"
      }
    ],
    "subjects": [
      {
        "subject": "Nexus Reports"
      },
      {
        "subject": "Climate and Hazards"
      },
      {
        "subject": "Climate and hazards"
      },
      {
        "subject": "Disaster and crisis"
      }
    ],
    "related_identifiers": [
      {
        "identifier": "https://therisk.global/nexus-reports/areas/climate-hazards/",
        "scheme": "url",
        "relation_type": {
          "id": "issupplementto"
        },
        "resource_type": {
          "id": "other"
        }
      }
    ],
    "version": "1.0.0"
  },
  "custom_fields": {},
  "access": {
    "record": "public",
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}
11Terbaru

Releases for this area.

Releases tagged to this area appear here once released.

LaporanBerkontribusi

Send evidence on Climate and Hazards.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) Sistem Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). Apa yang Anda ketahui tentang topik ini dapat menjadi bukti, studi kasus, atau koreksi pada edisi berikutnya, dengan mencantumkan nama Anda dan diterbitkan di bawah CC BY 4.0 jika itu karya Anda sendiri. Jika terkirim ke meja yang salah, kiriman diteruskan, bukan ditolak.

Meja Bukti Sistem GCRIIklim dan BahayaRisiko dan Ketahanan Sistem GlobalSinyal ObservatoriumSkenario dan Uji Tekanan
Reports · GCRI

Bring what you know to the next edition.

Every quarter closes on a sealed evidence cut. Contributions received before the cut are reviewed for that edition; later ones wait for the next.

CC BY 4.0 Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.