Reports · GCRI · Established
Climate and hazards · Disaster and crisis
Iklim dan Bahaya di Reports
Physical climate risks, weather extremes and hazard interactions grounded in observed and modelled evidence. This page shows the series it feeds, the evidence behind it and how to contribute.
- Seri
- 3
- Sistem
- 4
- Metode
- 10
What this area brings to the editions.
Physical climate risks, weather extremes and hazard interactions grounded in observed and modelled evidence.
Climate and Hazards on the map.
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Lapisan 3
Sinyal iklim, untuk halaman ini
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati (awan yang menetap tetap menyisakan celah)
- Sumber
- VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8 harian (NASA LANCE)
- Penyedia
- NASA LANCE
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- 8 harian; komposit satelit 8 hari; awan yang menetap tetap menyisakan celah
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-09-14
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 1 km
- Ketidakpastian
- Suhu kulit permukaan tanah dari satelit selama 8 hari hingga tanggal yang ditampilkan, indikator keterpaparan panas; bukan suhu udara, indeks panas, atau peringatan panas.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Estimasi
- Sumber
- GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)
- Penyedia
- NASA GES DISC
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; estimasi satelit, mendekati waktu nyata
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 2 km
- Ketidakpastian
- Estimasi satelit, mendekati waktu nyata. Raster satelit atau model sebagaimana diterbitkan penyedia. Awan, celah jalur sapuan, dan galat pengambilan data menyisakan celah dan derau; nilai-nilainya adalah indikator, bukan pengukuran di suatu tempat.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Estimasi
- Sumber
- Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Universitas Columbia))
- Penyedia
- NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Universitas Columbia)
- Lisensi
- CC BY 4.0
- Tahun data
- produk statis; estimasi berbasis sensus, statis (2020)
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 1 km
- Ketidakpastian
- Estimasi berbasis sensus jumlah penduduk per kilometer persegi pada 2020, ditampilkan sebagai konteks keterpaparan; bukan hitungan orang yang terdampak bahaya apa pun.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati
- Sumber
- Reflektansi terkoreksi VIIRS NOAA-20 (NASA LANCE)
- Penyedia
- NASA LANCE
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; citra satelit
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 250 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Citra satelit. Raster satelit atau model sebagaimana diterbitkan penyedia. Awan, celah jalur sapuan, dan galat pengambilan data menyisakan celah dan derau; nilai-nilainya adalah indikator, bukan pengukuran di suatu tempat.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati
- Sumber
- GHRSST MUR25 (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
- Penyedia
- NASA JPL PO.DAAC
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; analisis satelit
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 2 km
- Ketidakpastian
- Analisis satelit tentang seberapa jauh suhu laut menyimpang dari nilai biasanya pada tanggal yang ditampilkan; indikator panas laut, bukan peringatan pemutihan karang .
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati (awan menyisakan celah)
- Sumber
- Produk Banjir Global VIIRS (NASA LANCE)
- Penyedia
- NASA LANCE
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; deteksi satelit; awan menyisakan celah
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 250 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Deteksi satelit; awan menyisakan celah. Raster satelit atau model sebagaimana diterbitkan penyedia. Awan, celah jalur sapuan, dan galat pengambilan data menyisakan celah dan derau; nilai-nilainya adalah indikator, bukan pengukuran di suatu tempat.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Papan ketik, dengan peta terfokus
Tahan Ctrl atau ⌘ dan gulir untuk memperbesar
Terbaru yang tersedia
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © kontributor OpenStreetMap (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Memuat citra NASA terbaru.
Seret untuk menggeser. Ctrl atau ⌘ dan gulir, cubit, atau gunakan tombol untuk memperbesar. Arahkan kursor untuk melihat nilai di bawah penunjuk. Setel ulang untuk kembali ke wilayah.
Sinyal iklim, dibingkai pada dunia.Produk satelit dan model sebagaimana diterbitkan NASA, masing-masing dengan tanggalnya sendiri. Produk ini adalah indikator, bukan penilaian atas tempat mana pun.
Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © kontributor OpenStreetMap · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT · NASA AIRS
Sumber dan lisensi
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
- Produk near-real-time VIIRS (banjir, suhu permukaan daratan, tutupan salju, reflektansi terkoreksi), NASA LANCE. Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
- Presipitasi GPM IMERG, NASA Precipitation Processing System. Didistribusikan oleh NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Dilisensikan di bawah CC BY 4.0. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
- ASTER GDEM adalah produk METI dan NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC). Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Kutip sebagai: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. Data terbuka NASA
- Dibuat dengan Natural Earth. Data peta vektor dan raster gratis @ naturalearthdata.com. Domain publik
- © kontributor OpenStreetMap (ODbL), melalui NASA GIBS (garis pantai, batas wilayah, jalan, dan nama tempat). Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). ODbL
- Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory. Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
- Konteks pada globe dan peta datar: garis pantai, batas wilayah, jalan, dan nama tempat dari lapisan acuan NASA GIBS (data OpenStreetMap, ODbL, © kontributor OpenStreetMap). Citra Blue Marble sebagai peta dasar opsional. Medan 3D dan keterangan elevasi dari indeks warna elevasi ASTER GDEM (kelas 5 m hingga 200 m, dilebih-lebihkan agar terbaca). Batas wilayah digambar sebagaimana diterbitkan dan tidak menyiratkan posisi atas wilayah mana pun.
- Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © kontributor MapLibre.
- Peristiwa langsung: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET). Peristiwa bersifat indikatif dan mempertahankan tautan sumber aslinya.
- Langsung: NASA EONET. Peristiwa bersifat indikatif, bukan peringatan otoritas.
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Observed (EO): NASA AIRS. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Prakiraan kualitas udara, 5 hari, PM2.5 (CAMS melalui Open-Meteo): Memuat informasi Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service yang dimodifikasi, 2026.
- Setahun terakhir, suhu harian (ERA5 melalui Open-Meteo): Memuat informasi Copernicus Climate Change Service yang dimodifikasi, 2026.
- Setahun terakhir, suhu harian dan penyinaran matahari (NASA POWER): Data ini diperoleh dari Proyek POWER NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) yang didanai melalui NASA Earth Science/Applied Science Program..
- Data cuaca oleh Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), dilisensikan di bawah CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
- Lapisan opsional (23 sumber dalam daftar lapisan: langsung, prakiraan, teramati, dan konteks) mencantumkan kredit penyedianya pada peta dan di sini saat diaktifkan; prakiraan adalah keluaran model dan indeks turunan adalah estimasi.
Lapisan dan tanggal
- Suhu permukaan daratan, siang hari, komposit 8 hari: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8 hari, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
- Laju curah hujan, rata-rata harian: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC · 12 Okt 2026
- Kepadatan penduduk, 2020: Penduduk: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · statis
- Warna asli: reflektansi terkoreksi VIIRS NOAA-20, NASA LANCE · 13 Okt 2026
- Anomali suhu permukaan laut: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 12 Okt 2026
- Genangan banjir, komposit 3 hari: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Okt 2026
9 findings of the drafted editions that bear on Climate and Hazards.
Drawn from the Baseline Edition 2026 drafts through the sistem this area reads. Each opens at its anchor in its edition, with its numbered sources.
- AREUni Emirat ArabNet greenhouse-gas emissions were 195.2 Mt CO₂e in 2022 including land use, 0.8% below 2019; energy gave 164.1 Mt, industrial processes 29.6 Mt and waste 5.6 Mt, and land use removed 6.6 Mt.REPORTED · COUNTRY-ARE-CLI-001
- ARGArgentinaThe national inventory reports 400.9 MtCO₂e including land use for 2022, and 377.8 MtCO₂e net on the climate-contribution basis.REPORTED · COUNTRY-ARG-CLI-001
- AUUni AfrikaGDP was USD 2.21 trillion in 2025 and grew 4.1%, with GDP per person of USD 1,673 in current terms.REPORTED · COUNTRY-AU-FIN-009
- AUSAustraliaGreenhouse-gas emissions excluding land use were 591.5 Mt CO₂e in 2024, against 605.2 Mt in 2019 and 579.5 Mt in 2020.REPORTED · COUNTRY-AUS-CLI-001
- BRABrasilGross greenhouse-gas emissions fell 16.7% in 2024 to 2,145 Mt CO₂e, led by lower land-use change; net emissions were 1.49 Gt CO₂e. SEEG is a civil-society estimate, not the official inventory.REPORTED · COUNTRY-BRA-CLI-001
- CHESwissGreenhouse-gas emissions were 40.1 MtCO₂e in 2024, 27.3% below 1990 and 22.3% below when land use is included; transport emitted 13.4 MtCO₂e and international aviation and maritime a further 5.5 MtCO₂e outside the 2030 target.REPORTED · COUNTRY-CHE-CLI-001
- CHNTiongkokThe national mean temperature was 10.9 °C in 2025, 1.0 °C above the 1991 to 2020 normal and tied with 2024 as the highest since 1951; hot days averaged 16.5, the most since 1961.REPORTED · COUNTRY-CHN-CLI-001
- EUUni EropaNet domestic greenhouse-gas emissions were 40% below 1990 in 2024 and 3% below 2023; on the 2030 target basis the cut was 37%.REPORTED · COUNTRY-EU-CLI-001
- GS-02Energi GlobalEnergy-related CO2 emissions rose about 0.4% in 2025 to a record of more than 38 Gt.REPORTED · SECTOR-ENERGY-GLOBAL-CLI-004
From Foundry evidence to the series.
The evidence, step by step, from the sistem this area reads to the series it feeds.
How Climate and Hazards reaches Laporan: what it reads, how it reads it, the sealed cut and the series it feeds.
| Langkah | Apa yang terjadi | Sumber |
|---|---|---|
| 01 What it reads | Climate and Hazards reads NXS-EOP (observasi bumi dan kembaran digital) , dan NXS-EWS (pemantauan dan peringatan multi-bahaya): governed sources with their releases, never a value without its source. | |
| 02 How it reads them | Climate and atmospheric science and Earth and geophysical science turn the evidence into findings, with assumptions and limits stated beside each value. | |
| 03 The cut is sealed | Each quarter the evidence is sealed in one cut, so OBSERVED, REPORTED and ESTIMATED values stay apart and every edition can be rebuilt. | |
| 04 The series it feeds | The cut feeds Global Systems Risk and Resilience and Observatory Signal, from the Baseline Edition 2026 into the quarterly series. | |
| 05 Who decides | Decisions stay with the authorities that hold them, under their own rules; an edition informs a decision and never makes it. |
A teaching model of the evidence path, not a forecast and not a record of any run; the systems, methods and series named come from the registries. Sources: Iklim dan Bahaya di Reports (2026); Climate and Hazards home (2026).
The series it feeds, and what backs each.
| Seri | Foundry systems it draws on | Academy disciplines | Series home |
|---|---|---|---|
| Global Sistem Risk and Resilience | The Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX) coupled-system cascades and the fused indicator series behind a global synthesis NXS-DSS (kasus keputusan dan deliberasi) the cross-field scenario sets an edition compares | Risiko sistemik, majemuk, dan berantai Nexus air, energi, pangan, dan ekosistem Risiko katastrofik global | Global Systems Risk and Resilience series home |
| Sinyal Observatorium | NXS-OPS (instrumen, sensor, dan kalibrasi) calibrated primary observations and their uncertainty budgets NXS-EWS whether an anomaly was forecast and how well NXS-EOP observational change products that corroborate a signal NXS-SIG spectrum and timing anomalies that affect dependent services | Analisis geospasial, observasi Bumi, dan GeoAI Ilmu iklim, variabilitas, dan perubahan Sistem antariksa, cuaca antariksa, dan navigasi | Observatory Signal series home |
| Skenario dan Uji Tekanan | NXS-DSS combined scenario sets and the option appraisals run on them NXS-GRX the cascade paths a stress test follows | Analisis skenario dan uji tekanan Ketidakpastian dan pengambilan keputusan Systemic, compound and berjenjang | Scenario and Stress-Test series home |
The systems, methods and teaching behind it.
- NXS-EOPNXS-EOPNXS-EOPRooms: Acquisition, Change.
- NXS-EWSNXS-EWSNXS-EWSRooms: Forecast Verification, Warning Desk.
- NXS-GRXNXS-GRXNXS-GRXNXS-GRX
- NXS-COR (komputasi, simpul, dan runtime)NXS-CORNXS-CORNXS-COR
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsIlmu iklim dan atmosferThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsIlmu kebumian dan geofisikaThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsPeramalan dan analisis deret waktuThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsTeori nilai ekstrem dan risiko ekorThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM Commonsobservasi Bumi dan penginderaan jauhThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsStatistik spasial dan geostatistikThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Academy disciplineRisk AcademyIlmu iklim, variabilitas, dan perubahanFakultas Ilmu Kebumian dan Lingkungan
- Academy disciplineRisk AcademyGempa bumi, gunung api, tsunami, dan tanah longsorFakultas Bahaya, Bencana, dan Ketahanan
- Academy disciplineRisk AcademyBanjir, badai, dan siklon tropisFakultas Bahaya, Bencana, dan Ketahanan
- Academy disciplineRisk AcademyPanas, kekeringan, dan kebakaran hutanFakultas Bahaya, Bencana, dan Ketahanan
- Academy disciplineRisk AcademyPeringatan dini dan aksi antisipatifFakultas Bahaya, Bencana, dan Ketahanan
- Academy disciplineRisk AcademyRisiko sistemik, majemuk, dan berantaiFakultas Kajian Sistem dan Nexus
- BidangGCRIIklim dan bahayaThe field across science, governance and finance.
- BidangGCRIBencana dan krisisThe field across science, governance and finance.
Where the same subject is reported elsewhere.
- Counterpart · GRFLaporanDiplomacy NexusShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRFLaporanTata Kelola Iklim dan AlamShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRFLaporanTata Kelola Bencana dan KrisisShared: Disaster and crisis.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanInsurance NexusShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanBanking NexusShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanAsset Management NexusShared: Climate and hazards.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanReasuransi dan KatastrofeShared: Climate and hazards, Disaster and crisis.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanPembiayaan Risiko BencanaShared: Disaster and crisis.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanRisiko Keuangan Iklim dan AlamShared: Climate and hazards.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsStandar bahaya geofisikaHazards and disaster risk reduction. Parts NS-0, NS-3, NS-3b, NS-11.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsStandar bahaya hidrometeorologiHazards and disaster risk reduction. Parts NS-0, NS-3, NS-3b, NS-11.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsStandar bahaya biologisHealth and biosecurity. Parts NS-0, NS-3, NS-11.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsStandar bahaya teknologi dan industriEnergy and critical infrastructure. Parts NS-0, NS-3, NS-9, NS-11.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsStandar bahaya luar bumiHazards and disaster risk reduction. Parts NS-0, NS-3, NS-3b, NS-11.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsStandar bahaya degradasi lingkunganClimate and Earth systems. Parts NS-0, NS-3, NS-3b, NS-9, NS-11.
Contribute on Climate and Hazards.
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Write a contribution the editor can act on.
Say what it is, where its record is kept and on which licence. It arrives tagged with this page, its area and its gateway, so it reaches the editor who owns it.
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Open science for Climate and Hazards.
How a contribution on this subject is deposited, identified, credited, licensed and found, and the metadata for it prefilled from this page.
Climate and Hazards’s open record
- Bidang
- Iklim dan Bahaya
- Feeds
- Global Systems Risk and Resilience, Observatory Signal, Scenario and Stress-Test
- Catatan
- A UNI for every accepted contribution; cited with its DOI in the edition that uses it
- Tautan
- isSupplementTo the edition it informs; isNewVersionOf its earlier version
- Lisensi
- CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0
Credit and identity
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- Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
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- CRediT
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}Releases for this area.
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