Reports · GCRI · Country profile
Singapore 2026
Singapore
Singapore (Republic of Singapore) enters 2027 as a city-state of 6.11 million people and about US$604 billion of output in 2025, growing 5.0% that year. Net greenhouse-gas emissions reported to the UNFCCC were 58.59 Mt CO₂e in 2022, and the government projects a peak near 61.9 Mt around 2028 before a 2030 level of about 60 Mt.
- Okutholiwe
- 12
- each with its status and source
- Sectors with findings
- 5 of 6
- Infrastructure not assessed
- Risk objects
- 4
- order carries no rank
- Imithombo
- 59
- Evidence close 30 September 2026
01 · Readings
Singapore in six readings.
Six readings that frame the Singapore baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.
02 · Sectors
Six sectors, one hexagon.
Water first, then Energy, Infrastructure, Food, Health and Biodiversity. Each count is the findings of this edition in that sector: coverage of the evidence, never a score. Infrastructure is not assessed: the edition holds no Infrastructure finding and its coupling matrix does not assess it.
- WATAmanzi1 finding
106 m³ Renewable internal freshwater resources per person, 2022. □Reported
Four national taps; use about 440 million gallons a day; storage and flood series not bound.
- ENEAmandla2 findings
93.1% Natural gas share of electricity generation, 2025. □Reported
Natural gas 93.1% of electricity in 2025; over 90% from imported gas.
- INFIngqalasizindanot assessed
Drainage, coast, port and grid condition not bound at public-safe resolution.
- FOOUkudla2 findings
25% Local farms’ share of protein consumption (eggs and seafood), 2025. □Reported
Local farms 8% of fibre and 25% of protein; food from over 180 countries and regions.
- HLTImpilo2 findings
3,990 cases Dengue cases in 2025, to 26 December, 2025. □Reported
Population 14.2% aged 65 or over; dengue 3,990 cases in 2025; heat series not bound.
- BIOUkuhlukahluka kwemvelo1 finding
4.6% Land in terrestrial protected areas, 2025. □Reported
Forest 21.8% of land; protected land 4.6%; nature extent not bound.
Outside the six sectors: Climate forcing 3, Systemic 1.
03 · Hazard exposure
The hazards this edition reads.
The edition’s own risk objects, in its order, each read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and horizon. The hexagon marks the sectors the cascade reaches; the domain beside each is an editorial reading of its hazard words.
RSK-SGP-ENE-001
Imported fuel interruption and price shock
□ReportedEQL 4
- Driver
- disruption to gas or oil flows; price spike
- Exposure
- power, petrochemicals, desalination, cold chains
- Capacity
- import capacity 300 MW; reserve margins not bound [9]
- Cascade
- ENE → WAT, FOO, HLT, FIN
- Horizon
- 1–5 years
No domain reading
RSK-SGP-CLI-002
Heat, heavy rain and sea-level rise
□ReportedEQL 4
- Driver
- warming, intense rain, storm surge and tide
- Exposure
- low-lying coast, drainage, dense housing
- Vulnerability
- flood loss records not bound [52]
- Capacity
- coastal protection framework in 2026 [26]
- Cascade
- CLI → INF, HLT, FIN
- Horizon
- annual to 30 years
RSK-SGP-FOO-003
Import dependence for food
□ReportedEQL 4
- Driver
- trade disruption; harvest failure abroad
- Exposure
- households and food service
- Vulnerability
- local share 8% of fibre and 25% of protein [27]
- Capacity
- stockpile levels not bound
- Cascade
- TRD → FOO → HLT, FIN
- Horizon
- 1–5 years
No domain reading
RSK-SGP-WAT-004
Water demand growth against weather-linked supply
□ReportedEQL 3
- Driver
- demand nearly doubling by 2065; dry spells
- Exposure
- households, industry, data services
- Vulnerability
- reservoir storage not bound [52]
- Capacity
- NEWater and desalination are weather-resilient sources [24]
- Cascade
- WAT → HLT, ENE
- Horizon
- 5–30 years
No domain reading
Scenario · SCN-SGP-ENE-01
Imported-fuel interruption during a heat-stress period
Under this scenario, results describe a conditional season under stated assumptions. It is not a forecast, and no intervention described here has been carried out.
2 of 12 findings name a hazard in their text. Show them
- 1TRD → ENEimported gas and fuel supply tightens
- 2ENE → WATpower constraints reach desalination, NEWater and pumping
- 3ENE → FOOcold chains and logistics lose power margin
- 4CLI → HLTheat stress raises cooling demand and demand for care
- 5ENE → DATdata services and their cooling compete for power
- 6ENE → FINthe energy price shock reaches inflation and fiscal support
04 · Couplings
How the sectors carry risk into each other.
The Singapore matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core ezinqamula. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the starting graph that the Q1 2027 Foundry cut will test.
| From | WAT | ENE | FOO | HLT | BIO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WAT | · | Moderate | Weak | Moderate | Moderate |
| ENE | Strong | · | Strong | Strong | Weak |
| FOO | Weak | Weak | · | Moderate | Weak |
| HLT | Weak | Weak | Weak | · | Weak |
| BIO | Moderate | Weak | Weak | Moderate | · |
Water: 4 couplings out, 4 in; Energy: 4 couplings out, 4 in; Food: 4 couplings out, 4 in; Health: 4 couplings out, 4 in; Biodiversity: 4 couplings out, 4 in. Infrastructure is not in the coupling matrix: none of the edition matrices types it, so it carries no value.
Cascade paths, in the edition’s order
- TRD → ENE → WATan import interruption tightens gas supply, then constrains desalination and NEWater◎Expert input
- ENE → FOOpower loss interrupts cold chains for food that arrives by sea and air◎Expert input
- CLI → HLTheat stress and rain-driven vector seasons raise demand on care□Reported
- CLI → INF → FINsea level, storm surge and tide reach coastal assets and public budgets□Reported
- ENE → DATpower constraints reach data and communications services, a sub-sector that used 6,609 GWh in 2025◎Expert input
05 · Findings
Every finding of Singapore.
Search, filter by sector, system or status, and sort. The address bar keeps the view, so a filtered list can be shared. Every row opens the finding at its source.
All 12 findings
| ID | Edition | Sector or system | Isimo | Statement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CLI-001 | Singapore | CLI Climate forcing | □ Reported | Net greenhouse-gas emissions reported to the UNFCCC were 58.59 Mt CO₂e in 2022, up from 58.29 Mt CO₂e in 2021 and 53.87 Mt CO₂e in 2020; the government projects a peak near 61.9 Mt around 2028. |
| CLI-002 | Singapore | CLI Climate forcing | □ Reported | Singapore’s second NDC sets 45 to 50 Mt CO₂e for 2035, conditional on technological maturity and international cooperation; Climate Action Tracker rates the effort highly insufficient in an assessment last updated 28 August 2024. |
| ENE-003 | Singapore | ENE Amandla | □ Reported | Natural gas supplied 93.1% of electricity in 2025 and solar 2.7%; solar supplied 4.2% in the first half of 2026. |
| ENE-004 | Singapore | ENE Amandla | □ Reported | Over 90% of electricity is generated from imported natural gas; net oil and gas imports are about 7% of GDP; 39% of petroleum oil imports and 26% of gas imports in 2025 came from countries bordering the Strait of Hormuz. |
| FOO-005 | Singapore | FOO Ukudla | □ Reported | Local farms supplied about 8% of fibre and 25% of protein consumption in 2025, against 2035 targets of 20% and 30%. |
| FOO-006 | Singapore | FOO Ukudla | □ Reported | Singapore sourced food from over 180 countries and regions in 2025. |
| CLI-007 | Singapore | CLI Climate forcing | □ Reported | The 2025 annual mean temperature was 28.1 °C, with 29 days of high heat stress and a record-wet March; sea level may rise by up to 1.15 m by 2100 and, with storm surge and tide, reach up to 5 m above today’s mean. |
| HLT-008 | Singapore | HLT Impilo | □ Reported | People aged 65 or over were 14.2% of the population in 2025, and total fertility was 0.97 births per woman in 2024. |
| HLT-009 | Singapore | HLT Impilo | □ Reported | Singapore recorded 3,990 dengue cases in 2025, to 26 December. |
| BIO-010 | Singapore | BIO Ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo | □ Reported | Forest covered 21.8% of land in 2024 and terrestrial protected areas 4.6% in 2025, against a global target of 30% by 2030. |
| WAT-011 | Singapore | WAT Amanzi | □ Reported | Singapore uses about 440 million gallons of water a day, expected to almost double by 2065, and holds 106 m³ of renewable internal freshwater per person. |
| SYS-012 | Singapore | SYS Systemic | ◎ Expert input | The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is an interruption to imported fuel during a heat-stress period that strains power, desalination, cold chains and data services together. |
06 · Editions and calendar
The desks’ editions for Singapore.
| Desk | Edition | State | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| GCRI Systems Evidence | Singapore 2026 | Drafted, in stewardship review | NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 |
| GRF Public Deliberation | Public Deliberation: Singapore 2026 | In preparation | |
| GRA Capital Readiness | Capital Readiness: Singapore 2026 | In preparation | |
| Standards Progress | No edition in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Academy Capability | No edition in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Index Measurement | Measurement: Singapore 2026 | In preparation |
Calendar · 2026 Baseline
- 01Call opensset by the editor
- 02Contribution closeset by the editor
- 03Evidence close30 September 2026
- 04Desk review and releaseset by the editor
- 05Collection compilationset by the editor
- 06Collection releaseset by the editor
- 07Ukulungiswaafter release, as needed
Evidence cut NQ-SGP-2026-Q0-1. Next cycles: Q1 2027, Q2 2027, Q3 2027, Q4 2027; their dates are set by the editor.
07 · Take part
Read it, improve it, cite it.
- ReadThe edition, chapter by chapter, with every source.
- NikelaSend evidence, a source or a method before the next cut.
- ReviewJoin the stewardship review of this edition.
- CiteAPA, Chicago, BibTeX, RIS and the house style, as a draft.
- PDFThe signed PDF is issued at release; print the complete edition today.
Corrections log
| Version | Date | State | Change | Notice |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NR-COUNTRY-SGP-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | October 2026 | DRAFT | Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition, | none |
Data gaps3What the repository does not hold yet, and the source proposed for each
| Gap | Shown here as | Proposed source |
|---|---|---|
| Exposure values per hazard (people, assets, hectares) | the edition’s own risk objects, without values | the Index country profile once the Index releases values, risksindex.com/sgp/ |
| The NHS-1 hazard types and their assignment to this edition’s risk objects | an editorial reading of the hazard words | the NHS-1 type assignment through the Registry |
| Infrastructure in the coupling matrix | Infrastructure marked not assessed | an Infrastructure row and column in the edition matrix at the next cut |
Send evidence or a correction on Singapore.
Imibiko is the Consortium’s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) Izinhlelo Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.
- I-imeyiliGateway GW-GCRIYithumele kuleli khasiUbufakazi, ukulungiswa, icala, indlela, ukubuyekeza, ukuhumusha noma okufakwayo kwephrofayili. Ifika ifakwe uphawu lwaleli khasi, ukuze umhleli walo ayithole.
- ZenodoUkufakwa okuvulekileYifake bese uyethula emphakathiniShicilela irekhodi lakho ku-Zenodo nge-ORCID iD yakho, bese uyethula emphakathini we-Reports lapho. Abagcini bayalibuyekeza; i-DOI ihlala ingeyakho.
- ImibikoGCRISee which desk takes what you haveThe routing table opens the contribution page: what you have, the desk that takes it, how each contribution is reviewed and credited, and the licence.
Ungalokothi uthumele idatha yomuntu siqu, imininingwane ebucayi yengqalasizinda noma noma yini ongenalo ilungelo lokuyabelana ngayo. Umnikelo ubuyekezwa ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa; ukuwuthumela akunikezi ubuqambi noma amalungelo okuhlela, futhi ukusekela akuthengi muphumela.
CC BY 4.0 Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.