GCRI · 海洋与海岸
蓝色经济
The blue economy covers economic activity that depends on the ocean: fisheries and aquaculture, shipping and ports, coastal tourism, offshore energy, marine biotechnology and seabed resources. Its growth can conflict with ecosystem health and with other users of the same space. This page sets out how ocean economic activity creates and faces risk, how it is measured, and what evidence serves planners balancing use and protection.
Blue economy: how the risk develops.
Development, access and ecological safeguards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Uses compete for space
Shipping lanes, fishing grounds, wind farms, cables, aquaculture and protected areas overlap. Marine spatial planning allocates space to reduce conflict and cumulative harm.
Growth depends on ecosystem health
Tourism, fisheries and coastal protection rely on healthy reefs, beaches and stocks. Activity that degrades them undermines its own base.
Climate change reshapes value
Warming, 海平面上升 and storms alter where fish are, damage coastal tourism assets and change risks for offshore installations.
Governance spans many jurisdictions
Activities fall under national, regional and international rules, from territorial seas to the high seas and the seabed beyond national jurisdiction.
太平洋岛国的海洋状况。
太平洋岛国的海洋热浪、叶绿素和海温，来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页当前的海况
关于本图层
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口）
- 来源
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色（NASA OB.DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA OB.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星反演；云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海面附近叶绿素 a 的卫星估算值，是浮游生物和海洋生产力的指标；不衡量渔业资源或有害藻华。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- GHRSST MUR（NASA JPL PO.DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA JPL PO.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星分析
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海表温度的补缺卫星分析；不是珊瑚礁或物种状况报告。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2）（NASA LAADS DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星辐射亮度，已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度；灯光是用电和停电的替代指标，并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作，地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。
海洋状态，以太平洋岛国为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。
数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA PACE OCI · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析，NASA 喷气推进实验室；由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC（PO.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色，NASA 海洋生物处理组；由 NASA Ocean Biology DAAC（OB.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光，NASA 戈达德航天中心；由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统（LAADS DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
- Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA PACE OCI. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层（图层列表中共 10 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）启用后会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报为模型输出，衍生指数为估计值。
图层与日期
- 海面温度距平：GHRSST MUR25，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 海洋叶绿素 a 浓度：MODIS Aqua 海洋水色，NASA OB.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 海面温度：GHRSST MUR，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 夜间灯光，每日：VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2），NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
A blue economy depends on healthy oceans and coasts.
Blue economy analyses are designed for the Global Sector Risk and Resilience 系列. The UN Decade of Ocean Science (2021 to 2030) frames research priorities; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) advises on no investment.
- Marine spatial plans and their evaluations.
- Ocean accounts where countries compile them.
Model blue economy as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 海洋与海岸风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- 海平面上升
- 风暴潮
- Coastal erosion
- 热浪
- Ocean acidification
- Harmful algal bloom
- 极端火险天气（在下游引发）
- 野火 （在下游引发）
- 高温导致的电网压力（在下游引发）
- 农业干旱（在下游引发）
- 骤发干旱（在下游引发）
- 积雪干旱（在下游引发）
- 近地面臭氧事件（在下游引发）
- Meteorological drought (set off downstream)
- 河流洪水（在下游引发）
- 沿海洪水（在下游引发）
- Estuary flood (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所（在下游引发）
系统与耦合
- 海洋与海岸风险标准
- 供应链与贸易风险 级联
- 粮食与农业风险标准 级联
- 气候风险标准 Common driver and feedback
- 城市与城市系统风险标准 风险暴露
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-1维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录（语法 v0.2：领域、部门、区域和环境分段）NS-3风险记录 UNI（语法、旧编码对照、分配机构）NS-3b数据集与产品元数据规范（STAC、DCAT、PROV-O）NS-5图表、地图和可视化标准（配合 UI/UX 套件）NS-9情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）NS-11验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）NRS-X3海洋与海岸风险NRS-H11危害类别：沿海与海平面危害（NHS-1 water.coastal）NRS-H79危害类别：精神卫生危机（NHS-1 health.mental）NRS-H12危害类别：海况极端事件（NHS-1 water.ocean-state）NRS-H67危害类别：海洋环流与海洋临界点（NHS-1 planet.ocean-tipping）NRS-K18领域包概况：海洋与海岸（DOMAIN-018）
观测
- Copernicus Marine Service ocean products (listed for reference)
- Coral Reef Watch daily 5 km heat stress products (listed for reference)
- PSMSL tide gauge mean sea level records (listed for reference)
- GEBCO global bathymetric grid (listed for reference)
- Argo float profiles (listed for reference)
- Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
- Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density
- Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to GDP, including damage to critical infrastructure
示例地理范围
- 太平洋岛国：150 个六边形网格
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水，30 m（OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达），NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率（IMERG），NASA GIBS
- 白天地表气温（AIRS），NASA GIBS
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ocean economy gross value added | currency units by sector | 年度 | Ocean economy satellite accounts | 估算 |
| Marine spatial plans adopted | count of national or regional plans | 每次评估 | IOC marine spatial planning records | 已报告 |
| Offshore wind capacity | megawatts | 年度 | Energy statistics | 已发布统计 |
| Coastal tourism arrivals | visitor arrivals | 年度 | Tourism statistics | 已发布统计 |
| Sustainable fisheries as a share of GDP | percent | 年度 | SDG indicator 14.7.1 | 估算 |
| Ocean area under spatial management | percent of national waters | 每次评估 | Planning records | 已报告 |
How blue economy is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
地球观测链
How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on blue economy, and where each step adds uncertainty.
- 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性：云层和轨道造成的缺口
- 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性：传感器漂移
- 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性：气溶胶和坡度假设
- 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性：模型和训练误差
- 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性：样本设计与规模
- 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性：明确说明，从不隐藏
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| OECD Ocean Economy database and outlooks | Ocean economy value and employment by sector | Public, OECD terms |
| IOC-UNESCO marine spatial planning resources | Status and guidance of marine spatial planning | Public, UNESCO terms |
| UN Statistics SEEA Ocean accounting resources | Methods for ocean economic and ecosystem accounts | 公开，联合国使用条款 |
| IRENA and national offshore energy statistics | Offshore renewable capacity | Public, terms per publisher |
| UN Tourism statistics | International tourism data | Licence to check |
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Oceans and Coasts prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Marine planning authorities | How to allocate ocean space between uses and protection | Use-conflict maps; cumulative impacts |
| Ministries of economy and environment | Which ocean sectors to develop and under what conditions | Ocean economy profiles |
| Statistics offices | How to build ocean accounts | SEEA methods and data inventories |
该主题产生的产出
- Use-conflict maps for marine spatial planning
- Ocean economy profiles with ecosystem dependence stated
- Cumulative impact assessments of overlapping uses
- Evidence notes for ocean accounts
专家提出的问题。
- Which ocean uses are compatible in the same space, and which conflict?
- What are the cumulative effects of several activities on one ecosystem?
- Who gains access to marine resources and who loses it as new activities expand?
- Which ecological thresholds should development stay within?
- How do 气候变化 and hazards affect the viability of ocean industries?
Development, access and safeguards.
Ocean industries compete for space and resources. Offshore wind, aquaculture, shipping lanes, protected areas and fishing grounds overlap, and each changes the conditions for the others. Cumulative effects, such as noise, habitat disturbance, pollution and changes to sediment flow, can exceed what any single project assessment considers. Emerging activities, including deep-sea mining, raise questions about ecosystems that are barely studied.
Access is a social question as much as an ecological one. Allocation of marine space can displace small-scale fishers and Indigenous users who lack formal tenure. Benefits may flow far from the coast while costs stay local. 气候变化 affects ocean industries directly, through storms, heat and shifting stocks, so the same hazards studied elsewhere on this platform shape the long-term viability of blue economy activities.
Finance shapes which activities expand. Investment and insurance decisions about ports, aquaculture and offshore energy depend on how ocean risk is understood, which is why the evidence has to be transparent about uncertainty and about the ecological limits that activities rely on.
Spatial planning and assessment.
Marine spatial analysis
Mapping of uses, habitats and conflicts supports marine spatial planning; data on informal uses are often missing.
Cumulative effects assessment
Combining pressures on shared ecosystems; interaction effects are poorly known.
分配分析
Who benefits and who bears costs; requires participation of affected users.
Limits: ecosystem valuation can obscure values that are not priced, and baseline data for emerging industries are thin. Evidence describes trade-offs; it does not settle them.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is the blue economy?
What is marine spatial planning?
What are ocean accounts?
Does the platform promote particular ocean industries?
Can development and conservation coexist?
Does this topic cover deep-sea mining?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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