Skip to content

GCRI · 海洋与海岸

岛屿韧性

Small islands face 海平面上升, cyclones and droughts with limited land, freshwater, infrastructure and economies that depend on imports, tourism and fisheries. Some low-lying atolls face questions about long-term habitability. This page sets out how risks combine on islands, how island resilience is measured with scarce data, and what evidence serves island governments, communities and their partners.

01登记

Island resilience on the record.

02问题

Island resilience: how the risk develops.

Island connectivity and energy, water, food 系统. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Limited freshwater

Islands rely on thin freshwater lenses, rainwater and desalination. 海平面上升, overwash and drought salinise and deplete these supplies.

机制

Single events, national impacts

One 气旋 can damage a large share of an island state’s housing and infrastructure and set its economy back years.

机制

Dependence on imports and links

Fuel, food and medicines arrive by sea and air through one or two ports and airports. Disruption isolates islands quickly.

机制

Debt and costs constrain recovery

High costs of infrastructure and frequent disasters add to public debt, limiting investment in adaptation and recovery.

03地理

太平洋岛国的海洋状况。

太平洋岛国的海洋热浪、叶绿素和海温,来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页当前的海况

关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
GHRSST MUR25(NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
提供方
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星分析
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
对所示日期海温偏离常年值幅度的卫星分析;是海洋热浪指标,并非 珊瑚白化 警报。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Aqua 海洋水色(NASA OB.DAAC)
提供方
NASA OB.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星反演;云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
所示日期海面附近叶绿素 a 的卫星估算值,是浮游生物和海洋生产力的指标;不衡量渔业资源或有害藻华。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
GHRSST MUR(NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
提供方
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星分析
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
所示日期海表温度的补缺卫星分析;不是珊瑚礁或物种状况报告。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

海洋状态,以太平洋岛国为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA PACE OCI · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析,NASA 喷气推进实验室;由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC(PO.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS Aqua 海洋水色,NASA 海洋生物处理组;由 NASA Ocean Biology DAAC(OB.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA PACE OCI. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中共 10 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)启用后会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报为模型输出,衍生指数为估计值。

图层与日期

  • 海面温度距平:GHRSST MUR25,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 海洋叶绿素 a 浓度:MODIS Aqua 海洋水色,NASA OB.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 海面温度:GHRSST MUR,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态

04跨领域

Small islands experience every domain’s risk in concentrated form.

Island analyses are designed for the 区域系统系列. The Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for Small Island Developing States (2024) sets the decade’s priorities; island governments decide.

  • Island-scale data on water, power and food.
  • Lessons from recovery after cyclones.
05监测

海岸适应路径。

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

沿海适应路径

Island resilience · Coastal zone A · Sea level scenario set

Tipping point in 19 yearsGCRI · 海洋与海岸

按情景划分的洪水范围

示意海岸线

港口城镇工厂海洋区间:1/10 · 1/100 · 1/1000N

相对海平面

适应路径

沙丘补沙0.33加高海堤5 年内两次漫顶
加高海堤0.76有管理的后退海堤达到设计极限
有管理的后退1.520迁移资产社区决定
Coastal adaptation pathways: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Island resilience.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Land below a stated elevationpercent of land area每次评估Elevation data估算
Freshwater lens thicknessmetresper surveyGroundwater surveys观测
Disaster losses relative to economy占 GDP 的百分比每个事件Post-disaster assessments估算
Food import dependencepercent of food supply imported年度Food balance data估算
公共债务占 GDP 的百分比年度公共财政统计已发布统计
International connectivitycount of shipping and air services年度Transport data已报告
07模拟器

存量、流量、延迟和一个临界阈值。

两个存量,即压力和 适应能力, joined by a reinforcing growth loop, a delayed balancing response and damage when pressure outruns capacity; past the threshold the system can tip. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Pacific Island states; the model itself is not tied to a place.

控制措施

压力增长
每年 6.0%
能力在降低压力方面的效力
每年 4.0%
对感知压力的投资响应
20%
感知延迟
4.0 年
压力的临界阈值
60 项指数
越过阈值后的放大
2.0 倍
模拟年数
50 年

读数

峰值压力
113 指数
期末能力
186 指数
超过阈值的年数
15.8 年
数字、方法与来源
年份压力能力感知
020.050.020.0
423.344.921.2
827.242.224.0
1231.742.327.7
1636.845.532.2
2042.351.537.2
2447.960.342.6
2853.271.348.0
3257.884.353.1
3666.498.458.4
4082.7115.969.7
4497.8139.783.8
48109.1169.497.3

方法

  1. 系统动力学 Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics
  2. 临界转变与临界点 Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461
  3. 因果回路图 Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
  4. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.

存量、流量、延迟和临界阈值。示意性教学模型:它依据控件设定的数值运行,而非实测数据。方法:System dynamics (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics);Critical transitions and tipping points (Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461);Causal loop diagram (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill)。
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS and UN-OHRLLS dataSIDS priorities and development statistics公开,联合国使用条款
Pacific Data Hub (Pacific Community)Statistics and geospatial data for Pacific island countriesOpen, licence per dataset
Post-Disaster Needs Assessments for island statesDamage and loss after major eventsPublic, terms per publisher
Copernicus DEM and lidar where availableIsland elevationLicence per product (to check)
IMF 和世界银行 debt sustainability analysesPublic debt and 财政风险Public, terms per institution
09孪生与级联模拟器

Model Island resilience as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 海洋与海岸风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 海平面上升
  • 风暴潮
  • Coastal erosion
  • 热浪
  • Ocean acidification
  • Harmful algal bloom
  • 极端火险天气(在下游引发)
  • 野火 (在下游引发)
  • 高温导致的电网压力(在下游引发)
  • 农业干旱(在下游引发)
  • 骤发干旱(在下游引发)
  • 积雪干旱(在下游引发)
  • 近地面臭氧事件(在下游引发)
  • Meteorological drought (set off downstream)
  • 河流洪水(在下游引发)
  • 沿海洪水(在下游引发)
  • Estuary flood (set off downstream)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-1 维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-3b 数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)
  • NS-5 图表、地图和可视化标准(配合 UI/UX 套件)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NRS-X3 海洋与海岸风险
  • NRS-H11 危害类别:沿海与海平面危害(NHS-1 water.coastal)
  • NRS-H79 危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)
  • NRS-H12 危害类别:海况极端事件(NHS-1 water.ocean-state)
  • NRS-H67 危害类别:海洋环流与海洋临界点(NHS-1 planet.ocean-tipping)
  • NRS-K18 领域包概况:海洋与海岸(DOMAIN-018)

观测

  • Copernicus Marine Service ocean products (listed for reference)
  • Coral Reef Watch daily 5 km heat stress products (listed for reference)
  • PSMSL tide gauge mean sea level records (listed for reference)
  • GEBCO global bathymetric grid (listed for reference)
  • Argo float profiles (listed for reference)
  • Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
  • Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to GDP, including damage to critical infrastructure

示例地理范围

  • 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Oceans and Coasts prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Island governmentsWhich adaptation measures and relocations to planExposure profiles; freshwater assessments
区域组织How to share capacity and data across islandsConnectivity and data inventories
Development partners and lendersHow to support adaptation without adding unsustainable debtFiscal and loss evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Island exposure profiles combining sea level, 气旋 and drought
  • Freshwater security assessments
  • Connectivity and import dependence analyses
  • Evidence notes for island adaptation and finance planning
11方法与证据

How Island resilience is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

地球观测链

How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on island resilience, and where each step adds uncertainty.

  1. 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性:云层和轨道造成的缺口
  2. 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性:传感器漂移
  3. 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性:气溶胶和坡度假设
  4. 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性:模型和训练误差
  5. 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性:样本设计与规模
  6. 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性:明确说明,从不隐藏
按 CEOS 分析就绪数据含义的处理链;每一步在绘制数字之前都会记录其不确定性。通用结构,并非结果。
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
12核心问题

专家提出的问题。

  • Which island lifelines depend on a single asset, such as one port, airport, power station or desalination plant?
  • How long can an island sustain fuel, food and medicine supply when shipping stops?
  • How will 海平面上升, 海水入侵 and coral loss change habitability?
  • How do remittances, tourism and import dependence shape recovery after a disaster?
  • Which local and traditional knowledge improves preparedness?
13机制

Concentrated, compound exposure.

Island 系统 are tightly coupled. Diesel imported by sea runs power stations; power runs desalination and water pumping; water and power run hospitals, cold chains and communications. A port closure or fuel shortage can therefore cascade quickly through every service. Freshwater lenses on low islands float on seawater and are vulnerable to over-pumping, drought and 海水入侵 from storm overwash and 海平面上升.

Coral reefs and mangroves protect many islands from waves and supply fisheries and tourism. Their decline from heat and local pressure reduces protection and income together. Recovery is shaped by economic structure: small markets, high import costs, distance from suppliers and fiscal constraints slow reconstruction, while diaspora remittances and community networks often sustain households.

Energy transition is a resilience question on islands. Replacing imported diesel with local renewables and storage can reduce dependence on shipping, but it introduces new dependencies on equipment, maintenance skills and spare parts that must also withstand storms.

14方法与数据

方法及其局限。

系统

Lifeline mapping

Mapping dependencies between energy, water, transport and communications to find single points of failure.

水文学

Freshwater lens studies

Groundwater models and monitoring of salinity on low islands; data are often limited.

社群

Participatory assessment

Local and traditional knowledge of hazards, resources and recovery, recorded with consent.

Limits: national statistics often average across islands with very different exposure, and high-resolution elevation and bathymetry data are missing for many islands, which limits flood and wave modelling.

15方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

16Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

17问题

问题与解答。

Why are small islands highly exposed?
Because they have small land areas, low elevations, limited freshwater, economies concentrated in few sectors and dependence on imports, so single events have national effects.
What is a freshwater lens?
A layer of fresh groundwater floating on denser seawater beneath an island, recharged by rain and vulnerable to salinisation.
Will atolls become uninhabitable?
Some research suggests that sea-level rise and overwash threaten freshwater and land on low atolls, but outcomes depend on emissions, reef and sediment responses and adaptation, and remain uncertain.
Why do islands need a dedicated topic?
Because exposure, economy and infrastructure are concentrated in ways that make compound and cascading failures more likely and recovery slower.
Does the platform work with island communities?
Participatory research opens with authorised projects and the consent of the communities involved.
Is relocation part of the analysis?
Evidence can inform discussion of options, including relocation; the choice belongs to the communities and governments concerned.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI海洋与海岸全球部门风险与韧性观测站信号
海洋与海岸

带来一种方法、一个数据集或一个问题。

信息和咨询现已开放。每项咨询都会获得一个编号,并告知下一步;申请、付款、算力分配和注册只有在相应团队、条款和审查能力就绪时才会开放。