GCRI · 海洋与海岸
岛屿韧性
Small islands face 海平面上升, cyclones and droughts with limited land, freshwater, infrastructure and economies that depend on imports, tourism and fisheries. Some low-lying atolls face questions about long-term habitability. This page sets out how risks combine on islands, how island resilience is measured with scarce data, and what evidence serves island governments, communities and their partners.
Island resilience: how the risk develops.
Island connectivity and energy, water, food 系统. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Limited freshwater
Islands rely on thin freshwater lenses, rainwater and desalination. 海平面上升, overwash and drought salinise and deplete these supplies.
Single events, national impacts
One 气旋 can damage a large share of an island state’s housing and infrastructure and set its economy back years.
Dependence on imports and links
Fuel, food and medicines arrive by sea and air through one or two ports and airports. Disruption isolates islands quickly.
Debt and costs constrain recovery
High costs of infrastructure and frequent disasters add to public debt, limiting investment in adaptation and recovery.
太平洋岛国的海洋状况。
太平洋岛国的海洋热浪、叶绿素和海温,来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页当前的海况
关于本图层
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口)
- 来源
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色(NASA OB.DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA OB.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星反演;云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海面附近叶绿素 a 的卫星估算值,是浮游生物和海洋生产力的指标;不衡量渔业资源或有害藻华。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- GHRSST MUR(NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA JPL PO.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星分析
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海表温度的补缺卫星分析;不是珊瑚礁或物种状况报告。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
海洋状态,以太平洋岛国为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA PACE OCI · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析,NASA 喷气推进实验室;由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC(PO.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色,NASA 海洋生物处理组;由 NASA Ocean Biology DAAC(OB.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA PACE OCI. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中共 10 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)启用后会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报为模型输出,衍生指数为估计值。
图层与日期
- 海面温度距平:GHRSST MUR25,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 海洋叶绿素 a 浓度:MODIS Aqua 海洋水色,NASA OB.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 海面温度:GHRSST MUR,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
Small islands experience every domain’s risk in concentrated form.
Island analyses are designed for the 区域系统系列. The Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for Small Island Developing States (2024) sets the decade’s priorities; island governments decide.
- Island-scale data on water, power and food.
- Lessons from recovery after cyclones.
海岸适应路径。
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。
沿海适应路径
Island resilience · Coastal zone A · Sea level scenario set
按情景划分的洪水范围
示意海岸线
相对海平面
适应路径
| 沙丘补沙 | 0.3 | 3 | 加高海堤 | 5 年内两次漫顶 |
| 加高海堤 | 0.7 | 6 | 有管理的后退 | 海堤达到设计极限 |
| 有管理的后退 | 1.5 | 20 | 迁移资产 | 社区决定 |
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Land below a stated elevation | percent of land area | 每次评估 | Elevation data | 估算 |
| Freshwater lens thickness | metres | per survey | Groundwater surveys | 观测 |
| Disaster losses relative to economy | 占 GDP 的百分比 | 每个事件 | Post-disaster assessments | 估算 |
| Food import dependence | percent of food supply imported | 年度 | Food balance data | 估算 |
| 公共债务 | 占 GDP 的百分比 | 年度 | 公共财政统计 | 已发布统计 |
| International connectivity | count of shipping and air services | 年度 | Transport data | 已报告 |
存量、流量、延迟和一个临界阈值。
两个存量,即压力和 适应能力, joined by a reinforcing growth loop, a delayed balancing response and damage when pressure outruns capacity; past the threshold the system can tip. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Pacific Island states; the model itself is not tied to a place.
控制措施
- 压力增长
- 每年 6.0%
- 能力在降低压力方面的效力
- 每年 4.0%
- 对感知压力的投资响应
- 20%
- 感知延迟
- 4.0 年
- 压力的临界阈值
- 60 项指数
- 越过阈值后的放大
- 2.0 倍
- 模拟年数
- 50 年
读数
- 峰值压力
- 113 指数
- 期末能力
- 186 指数
- 超过阈值的年数
- 15.8 年
数字、方法与来源
| 年份 | 压力 | 能力 | 感知 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20.0 | 50.0 | 20.0 |
| 4 | 23.3 | 44.9 | 21.2 |
| 8 | 27.2 | 42.2 | 24.0 |
| 12 | 31.7 | 42.3 | 27.7 |
| 16 | 36.8 | 45.5 | 32.2 |
| 20 | 42.3 | 51.5 | 37.2 |
| 24 | 47.9 | 60.3 | 42.6 |
| 28 | 53.2 | 71.3 | 48.0 |
| 32 | 57.8 | 84.3 | 53.1 |
| 36 | 66.4 | 98.4 | 58.4 |
| 40 | 82.7 | 115.9 | 69.7 |
| 44 | 97.8 | 139.7 | 83.8 |
| 48 | 109.1 | 169.4 | 97.3 |
方法
- 系统动力学 Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics
- 临界转变与临界点 Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461
- 因果回路图 Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
- 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
数据
No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
- 实验 实验室
- 构建于 Foundry 中的海洋与海岸
- 检验地点 Universe 中的海洋与海岸
- 编入 Standards 中的气候与地球系统
- 发表于 Reports 中的海洋与海岸
- 授课于 Academy 中的地球与环境科学学院
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS and UN-OHRLLS data | SIDS priorities and development statistics | 公开,联合国使用条款 |
| Pacific Data Hub (Pacific Community) | Statistics and geospatial data for Pacific island countries | Open, licence per dataset |
| Post-Disaster Needs Assessments for island states | Damage and loss after major events | Public, terms per publisher |
| Copernicus DEM and lidar where available | Island elevation | Licence per product (to check) |
| IMF 和世界银行 debt sustainability analyses | Public debt and 财政风险 | Public, terms per institution |
Model Island resilience as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 海洋与海岸风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- 海平面上升
- 风暴潮
- Coastal erosion
- 热浪
- Ocean acidification
- Harmful algal bloom
- 极端火险天气(在下游引发)
- 野火 (在下游引发)
- 高温导致的电网压力(在下游引发)
- 农业干旱(在下游引发)
- 骤发干旱(在下游引发)
- 积雪干旱(在下游引发)
- 近地面臭氧事件(在下游引发)
- Meteorological drought (set off downstream)
- 河流洪水(在下游引发)
- 沿海洪水(在下游引发)
- Estuary flood (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
系统与耦合
- 海洋与海岸风险标准
- 供应链与贸易风险 级联
- 粮食与农业风险标准 级联
- 气候风险标准 Common driver and feedback
- 城市与城市系统风险标准 风险暴露
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-1维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-3b数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)NS-5图表、地图和可视化标准(配合 UI/UX 套件)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NRS-X3海洋与海岸风险NRS-H11危害类别:沿海与海平面危害(NHS-1 water.coastal)NRS-H79危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)NRS-H12危害类别:海况极端事件(NHS-1 water.ocean-state)NRS-H67危害类别:海洋环流与海洋临界点(NHS-1 planet.ocean-tipping)NRS-K18领域包概况:海洋与海岸(DOMAIN-018)
观测
- Copernicus Marine Service ocean products (listed for reference)
- Coral Reef Watch daily 5 km heat stress products (listed for reference)
- PSMSL tide gauge mean sea level records (listed for reference)
- GEBCO global bathymetric grid (listed for reference)
- Argo float profiles (listed for reference)
- Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
- Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density
- Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to GDP, including damage to critical infrastructure
示例地理范围
- 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
Oceans and Coasts prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Island governments | Which adaptation measures and relocations to plan | Exposure profiles; freshwater assessments |
| 区域组织 | How to share capacity and data across islands | Connectivity and data inventories |
| Development partners and lenders | How to support adaptation without adding unsustainable debt | Fiscal and loss evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Island exposure profiles combining sea level, 气旋 and drought
- Freshwater security assessments
- Connectivity and import dependence analyses
- Evidence notes for island adaptation and finance planning
How Island resilience is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。
地球观测链
How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on island resilience, and where each step adds uncertainty.
- 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性:云层和轨道造成的缺口
- 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性:传感器漂移
- 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性:气溶胶和坡度假设
- 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性:模型和训练误差
- 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性:样本设计与规模
- 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性:明确说明,从不隐藏
专家提出的问题。
- Which island lifelines depend on a single asset, such as one port, airport, power station or desalination plant?
- How long can an island sustain fuel, food and medicine supply when shipping stops?
- How will 海平面上升, 海水入侵 and coral loss change habitability?
- How do remittances, tourism and import dependence shape recovery after a disaster?
- Which local and traditional knowledge improves preparedness?
Concentrated, compound exposure.
Island 系统 are tightly coupled. Diesel imported by sea runs power stations; power runs desalination and water pumping; water and power run hospitals, cold chains and communications. A port closure or fuel shortage can therefore cascade quickly through every service. Freshwater lenses on low islands float on seawater and are vulnerable to over-pumping, drought and 海水入侵 from storm overwash and 海平面上升.
Coral reefs and mangroves protect many islands from waves and supply fisheries and tourism. Their decline from heat and local pressure reduces protection and income together. Recovery is shaped by economic structure: small markets, high import costs, distance from suppliers and fiscal constraints slow reconstruction, while diaspora remittances and community networks often sustain households.
Energy transition is a resilience question on islands. Replacing imported diesel with local renewables and storage can reduce dependence on shipping, but it introduces new dependencies on equipment, maintenance skills and spare parts that must also withstand storms.
方法及其局限。
Lifeline mapping
Mapping dependencies between energy, water, transport and communications to find single points of failure.
Freshwater lens studies
Groundwater models and monitoring of salinity on low islands; data are often limited.
Participatory assessment
Local and traditional knowledge of hazards, resources and recovery, recorded with consent.
Limits: national statistics often average across islands with very different exposure, and high-resolution elevation and bathymetry data are missing for many islands, which limits flood and wave modelling.
如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
Why are small islands highly exposed?
What is a freshwater lens?
Will atolls become uninhabitable?
Why do islands need a dedicated topic?
Does the platform work with island communities?
Is relocation part of the analysis?
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