GCRI · Tecnologías cuánticas
Cuántica y materiales
Quantum technologies depend on materials, from superconducting circuits and semiconductor spin qubits to photonic chips and isotopically pure crystals. In turn, quantum simulation may one day help design new materials and molecules. This page sets out how materials limit quantum devices, how quantum methods could aid materials science, and what evidence serves the researchers and funders working at this intersection.
Cómo se desarrolla el trabajo.
Quantum testbed
Quantum and materials · Testbed lab · Device QD-77
Cúbits
| Q0 | 142 | 116 | 0.02 | In spec |
| Q1 | 83 | 48 | 0.01 | In spec |
| Q2 | 69 | 99 | 0.01 | Drifting |
| Q3 | 142 | 21 | 0.05 | Drifting |
| Q4 | 162 | 83 | 0.03 | Drifting |
Device
- Topology
- heavy-hex, illustrative
- 2Q fidelity
- 0.989
- Acceso
- by committee
- Etiqueta
- OBSERVADO
Fig.Quantum testbed: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.
Quantum and materials: how the risk develops.
Chemistry and materials simulation. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Defects cause decoherence
Impurities, surface defects and two-level sistemas in materials interact with qubits and shorten coherence. Better materials and fabrication extend it.
Fabrication sets yield
Producing many identical qubits needs precise fabrication. Variability between devices, even from one wafer, limits how far systems can scale.
Some inputs are scarce
Helium-3 for dilution refrigerators, isotopically enriched silicon and specialised lasers have limited suppliers, creating supply risks.
Quantum simulation of matter
Simulating molecules and materials is a leading candidate use of quantum computers, though classical methods remain strong for most problems today.
How quantum and materials is modelled, measured and tested.
El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.
Modelo de sistema
The couplings between the systems in quantum and materials: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
Quantum devices depend on materials with their own supply risks.
- EnergíaAcoplamientoCryogenics and fabrication are energy-intensive.What to watchEnergy per device
- BiodiversidadAcoplamientoSome specialised materials come from concentrated mining.What to watchMaterial sourcing
- SaludAcoplamientoHelium supply is shared with medical imaging.What to watchHelium supply constraints
Materials studies are designed for the serie Strategic Systems. Export controls coordinated through the Wassenaar Arrangement and national lists apply to some quantum items.
- Supply data for specialised materials.
- Export control analyses.
Qué se mide y con qué calidad.
Cada indicador lleva su unidad, su periodicidad, el tipo de fuente que lo respalda y la etiqueta de evidencia que llevaría un valor. No se muestran valores: un programa los aporta bajo su propia autoridad.
| Indicador | Unidad | Cadencia | Tipo de fuente | Etiqueta |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qubit coherence time by material platform | microseconds | per publication | Peer-reviewed results | OBSERVADO |
| Device yield in fabrication | percent of functional qubits | per fabrication run | Foundry and lab reports | NOTIFICADO |
| Helium-3 supply | litres per year | anual | Government and industry reports | ESTIMADO |
| Quantum chemistry demonstrations with classical comparison | recuento | por revisión | Literature review | ESTIMADO |
| Specialised component suppliers | count by component | por evaluación | Supply chain studies | ESTIMADO |
| Materials databases used for qubit research | recuento | por evaluación | Research surveys | NOTIFICADO |
De dónde procede la evidencia.
Conjuntos de datos públicos y registros institucionales identificados, cada uno con su tipo de licencia. Las fuentes obtenidas por acuerdo solo se utilizan conforme a sus condiciones y nunca se republican.
| Fuente | Lo que aporta | Tipo de licencia |
|---|---|---|
| Peer-reviewed materials and device literature | Coherence and fabrication results | Licence per article |
| Materials Project and other open materials databases | Computed materials properties | Abierta, CC BY 4.0 |
| Government reports on helium-3 and critical inputs | Supply and demand of scarce inputs | Public, terms per government |
| Quantum supply chain studies | Component suppliers and dependencies | Licence per publication (to check) |
| Benchmark studies of quantum chemistry algorithms | Comparisons with classical methods | Licence per publication |
Quién decide y a qué sirve la evidencia.
Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| Quién decide | La pregunta | Evidencia a la que sirve esta página |
|---|---|---|
| Financiadores de la investigación | Which materials and fabrication research to support | Bottleneck reviews |
| Industry and national laboratorios | How to secure specialised inputs | Supply risk assessments |
| Chemistry and materials researchers | Where quantum simulation could help their work | Use case assessments |
Productos que genera este tema
- Materials bottleneck reviews for qubit platforms
- Supply risk assessments for specialised inputs
- Assessments of quantum simulation use cases with classical baselines
- Evidence notes for research funders
Lo que se preguntan los expertos.
The question is whether quantum simulation will beat improving classical methods on problems that matter.
- Which chemical and materials problems are genuinely hard for classical methods?
- How large and how error-free must a quantum computer be to simulate them usefully?
- Can near-term noisy devices provide any useful result, or is error correction required?
- How will results be verified when classical methods cannot reproduce them?
- Which industrial and scientific questions would change if simulation improved?
Mecanismos y factores impulsores.
The behaviour of molecules and materials depends on how electrons interact. For many sistemas, classical approximations such as density functional theory work well. For strongly correlated systems, such as some catalysts, transition-metal complexes and high-temperature superconductors, the computational cost of exact classical simulation grows very rapidly with system size. A quantum computer represents quantum states natively and could, in principle, simulate such systems efficiently.
Resource estimates for industrially relevant problems suggest that large, error-corrected machines would be required. Meanwhile classical methods, including tensor networks and machine-learning approaches, keep improving and raising the bar. Quantum materials research also runs the other way: new materials are needed to build better qubits.
Cómo se estudia y dónde terminan los métodos.
| Método o datos | Lo que muestra | Límites |
|---|---|---|
| Classical computational chemistry | Accurate results for many sistemas | Cost grows quickly for strongly correlated electrons |
| Quantum algorithm resource estimation | Qubits and operations needed for target problems | Highly sensitive to algorithm and hardware assumptions |
| Small-scale quantum simulation experiments | Proof of principle on simple molecules | Not yet beyond classical reach for useful problems |
| Experimental materials characterisation | Ground truth for validation | Experiments are costly and not always available |
Cómo se estudia y lo que los métodos no pueden decir.
- 01Ciencia de los materiales y químicaMateriales para una coherencia más larga · Variabilidad de la fabricación · Casos de uso de la química cuánticaAplicado aquí
- 02Física y ciencia cuánticaCaracterización del ruido de los cúbits · Metrología de relojes cuánticos · Verificación de efectos cuánticosAplicado aquí
- 03Computación, detección y comunicación cuánticasEvaluación comparativa homologable · Evaluación de la madurez tecnológica · Seguimiento de las implicaciones para la seguridadAplicado aquí
Where this page’s references lead.
Los organismos y documentos con los que se lee esta página. El estado y las ediciones cambian; cada enlace lleva al organismo emisor.
Preguntas y respuestas.
Why do materials matter for qubits?
What is quantum simulation?
Are there supply risks for quantum technology?
Has a quantum computer already designed a new material or drug?
Why is chemistry a natural application?
Should organisations wait for quantum simulation?
Aporte evidencia desde esta página.
serie Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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Aporte un método, un conjunto de datos o una pregunta.
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Documentos jurídicos.
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