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GCRI · Tecnologias quânticas

Quântico e materiais

Quantum technologies depend on materials, from superconducting circuits and semiconductor spin qubits to photonic chips and isotopically pure crystals. In turn, quantum simulation may one day help design new materials and molecules. This page sets out how materials limit quantum devices, how quantum methods could aid materials science, and what evidence serves the researchers and funders working at this intersection.

01Canvas

Como decorre o trabalho.

sistemas · em torno deste temaIlustrativo

Quantum testbed

Quantum and materials · Testbed lab · Device QD-77

Calibration cycleGCRI · Tecnologias quânticas

Qubits

Q01421160.02In spec
Q183480.01In spec
Q269990.01Drifting
Q3142210.05Drifting
Q4162830.03Drifting

Device

Topology
heavy-hex, illustrative
2Q fidelity
0.989
Acesso
by committee
Rótulo
OBSERVADO
Quantum testbed: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantum and materials.Nomes de exemplo e valores ilustrativos; um projeto, não um registro nem um sistema ativo.

Fig.Quantum testbed: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.

02A pergunta

Quantum and materials: how the risk develops.

Chemistry and materials simulation. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Defects cause decoherence

Impurities, surface defects and two-level sistemas in materials interact with qubits and shorten coherence. Better materials and fabrication extend it.

Mecanismo

Fabrication sets yield

Producing many identical qubits needs precise fabrication. Variability between devices, even from one wafer, limits how far systems can scale.

Mecanismo

Some inputs are scarce

Helium-3 for dilution refrigerators, isotopically enriched silicon and specialised lasers have limited suppliers, creating supply risks.

Mecanismo

Quantum simulation of matter

Simulating molecules and materials is a leading candidate use of quantum computers, though classical methods remain strong for most problems today.

03Métodos e evidência

How quantum and materials is modelled, measured and tested.

O modelo, os seus pressupostos, os seus dados e a sua incerteza, na forma que um cientista ou engenheiro verificaria. As estruturas seguem métodos publicados. Os valores representados são ilustrativos, não conclusões.

Modelo de sistema

The couplings between the systems in quantum and materials: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+QuânticaCibernéticaComunidadesEconomiaR de reforçoB equilíbrio
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Princípios orientadores FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientação sobre o tratamento consistente das incertezas · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
04Em todos os domínios

Quantum devices depend on materials with their own supply risks.

05Indicadores

O que é medido e com que qualidade.

Cada indicador leva sua unidade, sua periodicidade, o tipo de fonte por trás dele e a etiqueta de evidência que um valor levaria. Nenhum valor é mostrado: um programa os fornece sob sua própria autoridade.

IndicadorUnidadeCadênciaTipo de fonteRótulo
Qubit coherence time by material platformmicrosecondsper publicationPeer-reviewed resultsOBSERVADO
Device yield in fabricationpercent of functional qubitsper fabrication runFoundry and lab reportsREPORTADO
Helium-3 supplylitres per yearanualGovernment and industry reportsESTIMADO
Quantum chemistry demonstrations with classical comparisoncontagempor revisãoLiterature reviewESTIMADO
Specialised component supplierscount by componentpor avaliaçãoSupply chain studiesESTIMADO
Materials databases used for qubit researchcontagempor avaliaçãoResearch surveysREPORTADO
06Fontes

De onde vêm as evidências.

Conjuntos de dados públicos nomeados e registros institucionais, cada um com sua classe de licença. As fontes obtidas por acordo só são usadas nos seus termos e nunca são republicadas.

FonteO que ofereceClasse de licença
Peer-reviewed materials and device literatureCoherence and fabrication resultsLicence per article
Materials Project and other open materials databasesComputed materials propertiesAberto, CC BY 4.0
Government reports on helium-3 and critical inputsSupply and demand of scarce inputsPublic, terms per government
Quantum supply chain studiesComponent suppliers and dependenciesLicence per publication (to check)
Benchmark studies of quantum chemistry algorithmsComparisons with classical methodsLicence per publication
07Decisões

Quem decide, e a que servem as evidências.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quem decideA perguntaEvidências a que esta página serve
Financiadores de pesquisaWhich materials and fabrication research to supportBottleneck reviews
Industry and national laboratóriosHow to secure specialised inputsSupply risk assessments
Chemistry and materials researchersWhere quantum simulation could help their workUse case assessments

Produtos que este tema gera

  • Materials bottleneck reviews for qubit platforms
  • Supply risk assessments for specialised inputs
  • Assessments of quantum simulation use cases with classical baselines
  • Evidence notes for research funders
08Questões centrais

O que os especialistas perguntam.

The question is whether quantum simulation will beat improving classical methods on problems that matter.

  • Which chemical and materials problems are genuinely hard for classical methods?
  • How large and how error-free must a quantum computer be to simulate them usefully?
  • Can near-term noisy devices provide any useful result, or is error correction required?
  • How will results be verified when classical methods cannot reproduce them?
  • Which industrial and scientific questions would change if simulation improved?
09Mecanismos

Mecanismos e fatores.

The behaviour of molecules and materials depends on how electrons interact. For many sistemas, classical approximations such as density functional theory work well. For strongly correlated systems, such as some catalysts, transition-metal complexes and high-temperature superconductors, the computational cost of exact classical simulation grows very rapidly with system size. A quantum computer represents quantum states natively and could, in principle, simulate such systems efficiently.

Resource estimates for industrially relevant problems suggest that large, error-corrected machines would be required. Meanwhile classical methods, including tensor networks and machine-learning approaches, keep improving and raising the bar. Quantum materials research also runs the other way: new materials are needed to build better qubits.

10Métodos e dados

Como é estudado e onde param os métodos.

Método ou dadosO que mostraLimites
Classical computational chemistryAccurate results for many sistemasCost grows quickly for strongly correlated electrons
Quantum algorithm resource estimationQubits and operations needed for target problemsHighly sensitive to algorithm and hardware assumptions
Small-scale quantum simulation experimentsProof of principle on simple moleculesNot yet beyond classical reach for useful problems
Experimental materials characterisationGround truth for validationExperiments are costly and not always available
11Métodos

Como é estudado e o que os métodos não podem dizer.

12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Os organismos e documentos à luz dos quais esta página é lida. O estado e as edições mudam; cada ligação leva ao organismo emissor.

13Perguntas

Perguntas e respostas.

Why do materials matter for qubits?
Because defects and impurities in materials disturb qubits and shorten coherence, so better materials and fabrication directly improve device performance.
What is quantum simulation?
Using a controllable quantum system or quantum computer to model another quantum system, such as a molecule or material.
Are there supply risks for quantum technology?
Some inputs, such as helium-3 and certain lasers and isotopes, have few suppliers, which supply chain studies identify as risks.
Has a quantum computer already designed a new material or drug?
Not in a way that classical methods could not match. Current demonstrations are proofs of principle on small systems.
Why is chemistry a natural application?
Because molecules are quantum systems. Simulating quantum systems with quantum hardware avoids some of the exponential costs classical computers face.
Should organisations wait for quantum simulation?
That is their decision. Evidence suggests classical methods will remain the workhorse for most problems for some time, while research into quantum methods continues.
RelatóriosContribuir

Contribua com evidências a partir desta página.

Relatórios is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRITecnologias quânticasTecnologia exponencialPanorama prospectivo
Tecnologias quânticas

Traga um método, um conjunto de dados ou uma pergunta.

A informação e os pedidos estão abertos hoje. Um pedido recebe uma referência e indica o próximo passo; candidaturas, pagamentos, alocações de computação e registros só abrem quando existem a equipa, os termos e a capacidade de revisão.