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GCRI · Technologies quantiques

Quantique et matériaux

Quantum technologies depend on materials, from superconducting circuits and semiconductor spin qubits to photonic chips and isotopically pure crystals. In turn, quantum simulation may one day help design new materials and molecules. This page sets out how materials limit quantum devices, how quantum methods could aid materials science, and what evidence serves the researchers and funders working at this intersection.

01Canevas

Comment le travail se déroule.

systèmes · autour de ce sujetIllustratif

Quantum testbed

Quantum and materials · Testbed lab · Device QD-77

Calibration cycleGCRI · Technologies quantiques

Qubits

Q01421160.02In spec
Q183480.01In spec
Q269990.01Drifting
Q3142210.05Drifting
Q4162830.03Drifting

Device

Topology
heavy-hex, illustrative
2Q fidelity
0.989
Accès
by committee
Étiquette
OBSERVÉ
Quantum testbed: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantum and materials.Noms donnés à titre d'exemple et valeurs illustratives ; une conception, non un enregistrement ni un système en service.

Fig.Quantum testbed: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.

02La question

Quantum and materials: how the risk develops.

Chemistry and materials simulation. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mécanisme

Defects cause decoherence

Impurities, surface defects and two-level systèmes in materials interact with qubits and shorten coherence. Better materials and fabrication extend it.

Mécanisme

Fabrication sets yield

Producing many identical qubits needs precise fabrication. Variability between devices, even from one wafer, limits how far systems can scale.

Mécanisme

Some inputs are scarce

Helium-3 for dilution refrigerators, isotopically enriched silicon and specialised lasers have limited suppliers, creating supply risks.

Mécanisme

Quantum simulation of matter

Simulating molecules and materials is a leading candidate use of quantum computers, though classical methods remain strong for most problems today.

03Méthodes et preuves

How quantum and materials is modelled, measured and tested.

Le modèle, ses hypothèses, ses données et son incertitude, sous la forme qu'un scientifique ou un ingénieur vérifierait. Les structures suivent des méthodes publiées. Les valeurs représentées sont illustratives, ce ne sont pas des résultats.

Modèle de système

The couplings between the systems in quantum and materials: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+QuantiqueCyberCommunautésÉconomieR renforçanteB équilibrage
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principes directeurs FAIR · GO FAIR et FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientations sur le traitement cohérent des incertitudes · GIECCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sur les satellites d'observation de la Terre
04À travers les domaines

Quantum devices depend on materials with their own supply risks.

05Indicateurs

Ce qui est mesuré, et avec quelle qualité.

Chaque indicateur porte son unité, sa périodicité, le type de source qui le sous-tend et l'étiquette de preuve que porterait une valeur. Aucune valeur n'est affichée : un programme les fournit sous sa propre autorité.

IndicateurUnitéFréquenceType de sourceÉtiquette
Qubit coherence time by material platformmicrosecondsper publicationPeer-reviewed resultsOBSERVÉ
Device yield in fabricationpercent of functional qubitsper fabrication runFoundry and lab reportsDÉCLARÉ
Helium-3 supplylitres per yearannuelGovernment and industry reportsESTIMÉ
Quantum chemistry demonstrations with classical comparisonnombrepar examenLiterature reviewESTIMÉ
Specialised component supplierscount by componentpar évaluationSupply chain studiesESTIMÉ
Materials databases used for qubit researchnombrepar évaluationResearch surveysDÉCLARÉ
06Sources

D'où proviennent les données probantes.

Jeux de données publics et registres institutionnels nommés, chacun avec sa catégorie de licence. Les sources fournies dans le cadre d'accords ne sont utilisées que selon leurs conditions et ne sont jamais republiées.

SourcesCe qu'elle apporteCatégorie de licence
Peer-reviewed materials and device literatureCoherence and fabrication resultsLicence per article
Materials Project and other open materials databasesComputed materials propertiesOuvert, CC BY 4.0
Government reports on helium-3 and critical inputsSupply and demand of scarce inputsPublic, terms per government
Quantum supply chain studiesComponent suppliers and dependenciesLicence per publication (to check)
Benchmark studies of quantum chemistry algorithmsComparisons with classical methodsLicence per publication
07Décisions

Qui décide, et à quoi servent les données probantes.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Qui décideLa questionDonnées probantes servies par cette page
Bailleurs de fonds de la rechercheWhich materials and fabrication research to supportBottleneck reviews
Industry and national laboratoiresHow to secure specialised inputsSupply risk assessments
Chemistry and materials researchersWhere quantum simulation could help their workUse case assessments

Résultats que produit ce thème

  • Materials bottleneck reviews for qubit platforms
  • Supply risk assessments for specialised inputs
  • Assessments of quantum simulation use cases with classical baselines
  • Evidence notes for research funders
08Questions essentielles

Ce que se demandent les experts.

The question is whether quantum simulation will beat improving classical methods on problems that matter.

  • Which chemical and materials problems are genuinely hard for classical methods?
  • How large and how error-free must a quantum computer be to simulate them usefully?
  • Can near-term noisy devices provide any useful result, or is error correction required?
  • How will results be verified when classical methods cannot reproduce them?
  • Which industrial and scientific questions would change if simulation improved?
09Mécanismes

Mécanismes et facteurs.

The behaviour of molecules and materials depends on how electrons interact. For many systèmes, classical approximations such as density functional theory work well. For strongly correlated systems, such as some catalysts, transition-metal complexes and high-temperature superconductors, the computational cost of exact classical simulation grows very rapidly with system size. A quantum computer represents quantum states natively and could, in principle, simulate such systems efficiently.

Resource estimates for industrially relevant problems suggest that large, error-corrected machines would be required. Meanwhile classical methods, including tensor networks and machine-learning approaches, keep improving and raising the bar. Quantum materials research also runs the other way: new materials are needed to build better qubits.

10Méthodes et données

Comment c'est étudié, et où les méthodes s'arrêtent.

Méthode ou donnéesCe qu'il montreLimites
Classical computational chemistryAccurate results for many systèmesCost grows quickly for strongly correlated electrons
Quantum algorithm resource estimationQubits and operations needed for target problemsHighly sensitive to algorithm and hardware assumptions
Small-scale quantum simulation experimentsProof of principle on simple moleculesNot yet beyond classical reach for useful problems
Experimental materials characterisationGround truth for validationExperiments are costly and not always available
11Méthodes

Comment c'est étudié, et ce que les méthodes ne peuvent pas dire.

12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Les organismes et documents à l'aune desquels cette page se lit. Les statuts et éditions changent ; chaque lien mène à l'organisme émetteur.

13Questions

Questions et réponses.

Why do materials matter for qubits?
Because defects and impurities in materials disturb qubits and shorten coherence, so better materials and fabrication directly improve device performance.
What is quantum simulation?
Using a controllable quantum system or quantum computer to model another quantum system, such as a molecule or material.
Are there supply risks for quantum technology?
Some inputs, such as helium-3 and certain lasers and isotopes, have few suppliers, which supply chain studies identify as risks.
Has a quantum computer already designed a new material or drug?
Not in a way that classical methods could not match. Current demonstrations are proofs of principle on small systems.
Why is chemistry a natural application?
Because molecules are quantum systems. Simulating quantum systems with quantum hardware avoids some of the exponential costs classical computers face.
Should organisations wait for quantum simulation?
That is their decision. Evidence suggests classical methods will remain the workhorse for most problems for some time, while research into quantum methods continues.
RapportsContribuer

Apportez des éléments de preuve depuis cette page.

Rapports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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Technologies quantiques

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