GCRI · 量子技术
量子与材料
Quantum technologies depend on materials, from superconducting circuits and semiconductor spin qubits to photonic chips and isotopically pure crystals. In turn, quantum simulation may one day help design new materials and molecules. This page sets out how materials limit quantum devices, how quantum methods could aid materials science, and what evidence serves the researchers and funders working at this intersection.
工作如何开展。
Quantum testbed
Quantum and materials · Testbed lab · Device QD-77
量子比特
| Q0 | 142 | 116 | 0.02 | In spec |
| Q1 | 83 | 48 | 0.01 | In spec |
| Q2 | 69 | 99 | 0.01 | Drifting |
| Q3 | 142 | 21 | 0.05 | Drifting |
| Q4 | 162 | 83 | 0.03 | Drifting |
Device
- Topology
- heavy-hex, illustrative
- 2Q fidelity
- 0.989
- 访问
- by committee
- 标签
- 观测
图Quantum testbed: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.
Quantum and materials: how the risk develops.
Chemistry and materials simulation. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Defects cause decoherence
Impurities, surface defects and two-level 系统 in materials interact with qubits and shorten coherence. Better materials and fabrication extend it.
Fabrication sets yield
Producing many identical qubits needs precise fabrication. Variability between devices, even from one wafer, limits how far systems can scale.
Some inputs are scarce
Helium-3 for dilution refrigerators, isotopically enriched silicon and specialised lasers have limited suppliers, creating supply risks.
Quantum simulation of matter
Simulating molecules and materials is a leading candidate use of quantum computers, though classical methods remain strong for most problems today.
How quantum and materials is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in quantum and materials: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
Quantum devices depend on materials with their own supply risks.
Materials studies are designed for the 战略系统系列. Export controls coordinated through the Wassenaar Arrangement and national lists apply to some quantum items.
- Supply data for specialised materials.
- Export control analyses.
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qubit coherence time by material platform | microseconds | per publication | Peer-reviewed results | 观测 |
| Device yield in fabrication | percent of functional qubits | per fabrication run | Foundry and lab reports | 已报告 |
| Helium-3 supply | litres per year | 年度 | Government and industry reports | 估算 |
| Quantum chemistry demonstrations with classical comparison | 计数 | 每次审查 | Literature review | 估算 |
| Specialised component suppliers | count by component | 每次评估 | Supply chain studies | 估算 |
| Materials databases used for qubit research | 计数 | 每次评估 | Research surveys | 已报告 |
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| Peer-reviewed materials and device literature | Coherence and fabrication results | Licence per article |
| Materials Project and other open materials databases | Computed materials properties | 开放，CC BY 4.0 |
| Government reports on helium-3 and critical inputs | Supply and demand of scarce inputs | Public, terms per government |
| Quantum supply chain studies | Component suppliers and dependencies | Licence per publication (to check) |
| Benchmark studies of quantum chemistry algorithms | Comparisons with classical methods | Licence per publication |
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| 研究资助方 | Which materials and fabrication research to support | Bottleneck reviews |
| Industry and national 实验室 | How to secure specialised inputs | Supply risk assessments |
| Chemistry and materials researchers | Where quantum simulation could help their work | Use case assessments |
该主题产生的产出
- Materials bottleneck reviews for qubit platforms
- Supply risk assessments for specialised inputs
- Assessments of quantum simulation use cases with classical baselines
- Evidence notes for research funders
专家提出的问题。
The question is whether quantum simulation will beat improving classical methods on problems that matter.
- Which chemical and materials problems are genuinely hard for classical methods?
- How large and how error-free must a quantum computer be to simulate them usefully?
- Can near-term noisy devices provide any useful result, or is error correction required?
- How will results be verified when classical methods cannot reproduce them?
- Which industrial and scientific questions would change if simulation improved?
机制与驱动因素。
The behaviour of molecules and materials depends on how electrons interact. For many 系统, classical approximations such as density functional theory work well. For strongly correlated systems, such as some catalysts, transition-metal complexes and high-temperature superconductors, the computational cost of exact classical simulation grows very rapidly with system size. A quantum computer represents quantum states natively and could, in principle, simulate such systems efficiently.
Resource estimates for industrially relevant problems suggest that large, error-corrected machines would be required. Meanwhile classical methods, including tensor networks and machine-learning approaches, keep improving and raising the bar. Quantum materials research also runs the other way: new materials are needed to build better qubits.
如何研究，以及方法止于何处。
| 方法或数据 | 显示内容 | 局限 |
|---|---|---|
| Classical computational chemistry | Accurate results for many 系统 | Cost grows quickly for strongly correlated electrons |
| Quantum algorithm resource estimation | Qubits and operations needed for target problems | Highly sensitive to algorithm and hardware assumptions |
| Small-scale quantum simulation experiments | Proof of principle on simple molecules | Not yet beyond classical reach for useful problems |
| Experimental materials characterisation | Ground truth for validation | Experiments are costly and not always available |
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
Why do materials matter for qubits?
What is quantum simulation?
Are there supply risks for quantum technology?
Has a quantum computer already designed a new material or drug?
Why is chemistry a natural application?
Should organisations wait for quantum simulation?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- 电子邮件网关 GW-GCRI从本页发送证据、更正、案例、方法、审查、翻译或概况投稿。它会带上本页标签送达，由负责的编辑接收。
- Zenodo开放存缴存缴并提交到社区用您的 ORCID iD 在 Zenodo 上发布您自己的记录，然后提交到那里的 Reports 社区。由策展人审核；DOI 仍归您所有。
- 报告GCRI查看所有贡献方式贡献类型、各自的评审方式、您获得的署名、许可协议，以及绝不接受的内容。
切勿发送个人数据、敏感基础设施细节或您无权分享的任何内容。贡献在使用前会经过审查；发送贡献不赋予署名权或编辑权，赞助也绝不能换取研究结论。
法律文件。
本网站上的地图、数据和图表仅作为背景和一般信息展示。它们不是建议、预测或预警；信息的局限见免责声明和数据说明。