GCRI · 空间与地球观测
对地观测传感器
Earth observation sensors measure reflected sunlight, emitted heat, radar echoes and laser returns from orbit. Each sensor type sees some things well and others not at all: optical sensors are blocked by cloud, radar sees through it, thermal sensors measure heat. This page sets out how the main sensor types work, how their resolution and revisit shape what they can detect, and what evidence serves the users choosing data for a task.
Earth observation sensors in seven parts.
Earth observation sensors: how the risk develops.
Optical, radar, thermal and hyperspectral methods. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Optical sensors need light and clear skies
Multispectral and hyperspectral sensors measure reflected sunlight in many bands, revealing vegetation, water and materials. Cloud and darkness block them.
Radar sees through cloud
Synthetic aperture radar sends its own microwave pulses and records echoes, day or night and through cloud, sensing surface roughness, moisture and movement.
Resolution trades against coverage
Spatial, spectral and temporal resolution compete. Very high resolution images cover small areas; wide-swath sensors revisit often but see less detail.
Orbits set revisit
Sun-synchronous orbits give consistent lighting; constellations of many small satellites shorten revisit times but vary in calibration.
北极的对地观测。
北极的土地覆盖与植被,来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 2
本页的对地观测
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra EVI(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数,是栖息地状况指标;不衡量物种或生物多样性。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra NDVI(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星绿度指数;是作物和牧草状况的指标,不是产量估算,也不是粮食安全预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
地球观测,以北极为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 11 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 增强型植被指数,滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra EVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 植被绿度(NDVI),滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra NDVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
Each sensor answers questions in specific domains.
Sensor evidence is designed for the Observatory Signal 系列. Copernicus and Landsat provide open data; CEOS Analysis Ready Data sets processing expectations.
- Calibration and validation data.
- Field reference observations.
对地观测任务与产品。
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。
对地观测任务规划与产品
Earth observation sensors · Flood basin AOI · Activation ACT-815
过境该区域的次数
next 7 passes
采集
| P-1 | 雷达 | n/a | 已处理 |
| P-2 | 光学 | 84 | 多云 |
| P-3 | 雷达 | n/a | 下行传输中 |
| P-4 | 光学 | 30 | 已排期 |
产品链
- 任务AOI
- 获取雷达
- 下行链路站点 2
- 流程ARD
- 绘制洪水图变化
- 验证样本
- 交付用户代理
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spatial resolution | metres per pixel | per sensor | Mission specifications | 已声明 |
| Revisit interval | 天 | per mission or constellation | Mission specifications | 已声明 |
| Cloud-free observation frequency | observations per month | per location | Archive analysis | 观测 |
| Radiometric calibration uncertainty | percent | per sensor | Calibration reports | 已报告 |
| Spectral bands | 计数 | per sensor | Mission specifications | 已声明 |
| Data latency | hours from acquisition to availability | per product | Data provider records | 观测 |
Model earth observation sensors as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 气候风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- 海平面上升
- Coastal flood (在下游引发)
- 风暴潮 (在下游引发)
- High-tide flooding (set off downstream)
- Coastal erosion (set off downstream)
- Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)
- Estuary flood (set off downstream)
- Coastal habitat squeeze (set off downstream)
- Wetland loss (set off downstream)
- Mangrove loss (set off downstream)
- Groundwater flood (set off downstream)
- Climate-driven migration and relocation (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-1维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-3b数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NS-14符合性及与外部标准的对照NRS-H65危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)NRS-H62危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)NRS-H71危害类别:深时与宇宙灾难(NHS-1 planet.deep-time)NRS-H79危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)NRS-H75危害类别:气候敏感性疾病(NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive)NRS-H7危害类别:大尺度环流异常(NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)
观测
- ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- CMIP6 气候预估(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- NGFS Scenario Explorer(仅列作参考)
- INFORM Risk Index(仅列作参考)
- 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数
- Total greenhouse gas emissions per year
- 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
示例地理范围
- 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| Copernicus Sentinel missions (ESA and European Commission) | Radar, optical, ocean and atmospheric data | Free and open, Copernicus terms |
| Landsat archive (USGS and NASA) | Optical and thermal imagery since the 1970s | Public domain, US government data |
| CEOS Missions, Instruments and Measurements database | Characteristics of Earth observation missions | Public, CEOS terms |
| WMO OSCAR database | Observing system capabilities and requirements | Public, WMO terms |
| NASA Earthdata | MODIS, VIIRS, GEDI and other mission data | Open, NASA data policy |
How earth observation sensors is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。
地球观测链
How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on earth observation sensors, and where each step adds uncertainty.
- 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性:云层和轨道造成的缺口
- 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性:传感器漂移
- 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性:气溶胶和坡度假设
- 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性:模型和训练误差
- 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性:样本设计与规模
- 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性:明确说明,从不隐藏
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
Space and Earth Observation prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Agencies and analysts using EO | Which sensors and products suit a task | Sensor selection guides; coverage analyses |
| Space agencies | Which missions and instruments to fund next | Gap and continuity evidence |
| Procurement bodies | When commercial data add value over free data | Resolution and revisit comparisons |
该主题产生的产出
- Sensor selection guides by application
- Cloud-free coverage analyses by region
- Calibration and accuracy summaries
- Evidence notes on mission continuity
专家提出的问题。
Remote-sensing scientists approach any application with a set of sensor questions.
- Which physical property does the question require: reflectance, roughness, moisture, temperature or composition?
- What spatial, temporal and spectral resolution does the application need, and what trade-offs follow?
- How are sensors calibrated and cross-calibrated so that records from different missions can be combined?
- How do clouds, atmosphere, terrain and illumination affect the measurement?
- When does combining sensors add information, and when does it add error?
What each sensor sees.
Optical sensors record reflected sunlight in visible and infrared bands, revealing vegetation, water, soils and built surfaces. They need daylight and clear skies. Thermal sensors record emitted heat, useful for surface temperature, fires and urban heat. Synthetic aperture radar sends its own microwave pulses and measures the return, so it works day and night and through cloud; it is sensitive to surface roughness, structure and moisture, and interferometric techniques can measure ground movement of very small magnitude.
Hyperspectral sensors record many narrow bands, allowing identification of minerals, plant stress and water quality, at the cost of large data volumes and often coarser coverage. Every sensor involves trade-offs between spatial detail, revisit frequency, spectral range and swath width. No single sensor answers every question.
证据如何构建,以及止于何处。
- 01
Radiometric calibration
Converting raw signals to physical units using onboard references and ground sites, grounded in 物理学. Calibration drifts over a mission’s life.
- 02
Atmospheric correction
Removing atmospheric effects to estimate surface properties. Errors are largest over water, in haze and in mountainous terrain.
- 03
Radar processing
Speckle filtering, terrain correction and interferometry, within 地球观测. Interpretation of radar signals needs specialist expertise.
- 04
Sensor fusion
Combining data from multiple sensors. Mismatched timing and resolution can introduce artefacts.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is the difference between optical and radar satellites?
What does spatial resolution mean?
Is satellite data free?
Why use radar if optical images are easier to interpret?
Is higher resolution always better?
Can records from old and new satellites be compared?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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