GCRI · 贸易与战略资源
关键矿产
Critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, rare earths and copper are essential to batteries, electricity networks, electronics and defence, and their mining and especially processing are concentrated in few countries. Demand is rising with the energy transition. This page sets out what makes a mineral critical, how supply concentration and disruption are assessed, and what evidence serves the governments and firms that plan supply.
Critical minerals: how the risk develops.
Mining, refining, demand and resource security. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Processing is more concentrated than mining
Ore may be mined in many countries, but refining and processing are often concentrated in one or two. The processing stage is where supply chains are most exposed.
New supply is slow
Exploration, permitting, financing and construction of mines and refineries take many years. Supply cannot respond quickly to demand surges or disruptions.
Policy shapes access
Export restrictions, resource nationalism and investment screening change who can buy and process minerals. Policy shifts can move markets faster than geology.
Recycling and substitution take time
Recycling depends on products reaching end of life and collection 系统; substitution depends on research and redesign. Both reduce dependence over years, not months.
马六甲海峡的活动与危害。
Night lights, population density and land cover over the Strait of Malacca, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页的活动与危害
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2）（NASA LAADS DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星辐射亮度，已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度；灯光是用电和停电的替代指标，并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11（NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN））
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN）
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null；基于人口普查的估算，静态（2020）
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算，作为风险暴露背景展示；不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层造成缺口）
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星探测；云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测；云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作，地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。
活动与危害，以马六甲海峡为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。
数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光，NASA 戈达德航天中心；由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统（LAADS DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析，NASA 喷气推进实验室；由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC（PO.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
- Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层（图层列表中有 7 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报是模型输出，派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 夜间灯光，每日：VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2），NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 人口密度，2020 年：人口：哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN，世界网格化人口 v4.11（2018），NASA SEDAC， CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 海面温度距平：GHRSST MUR25，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 洪水水体，3 日合成：VIIRS 全球洪水产品，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
Critical minerals link the energy transition to water, land and health.
- 能源耦合Batteries, grids and wind turbines need copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earths.What to watchRefining concentration by mineral
- 水耦合Mining and brine extraction draw on scarce water in dry regions.What to watchWater use per tonne processed
- 生物多样性耦合Mines and tailings affect habitats and communities.What to watchOverlap with key biodiversity areas
Mineral supply analyses are designed for the 战略系统系列. The IEA’s Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 and the USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 are the main open references; refining tends to be more concentrated than mining.
- Material flow data for a country or sector.
- Community and environmental monitoring around mines.
Supplier tier map.
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
Supplier tier map
Critical minerals · Assembly cluster · Bill of materials BOM-129
Tier mapping
- 第 1 级21 suppliers
- 第 2 级82
- 第 3 级103
- Raw materials10
集中度
| Rare earth magnet | 80 | 5604 | None qualified | 高 |
| Gallium | 68 | 4520 | Recycling pilot | 高 |
| Copper wire | 38 | 943 | Two qualified | 低 |
| Lithium cells | 52 | 3065 | One qualified | 中 |
Mitigation
- Dual source
- qualification 10 months
- Buffer stock
- 10 weeks
- Design change
- substitution study
- 负责人
- 采购负责人
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Share of global mine production by top producing country | percent | 年度 | Geological survey statistics | 已发布统计 |
| Share of global refining by top country | percent | 年度 | Industry and agency analysis | 估算 |
| Supply concentration | Herfindahl-Hirschman index | 年度 | Production statistics | 估算 |
| Import reliance | percent of apparent consumption imported | 年度 | Trade and production data | 估算 |
| Export restrictions in force | count by mineral | 年度 | Trade policy inventories | 已发布统计 |
| End-of-life recycling rate | percent | 每次评估 | Material flow studies | 估算 |
| Projected demand under stated scenarios | tonnes | per outlook | Agency outlooks | 预测 |
Model critical minerals as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 供应链与贸易风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI（语法、旧编码对照、分配机构）NS-9情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）NS-10政策和条款（机器可读的义务：定义、约束、评估和执行）NS-11验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）NS-12软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品（供应链、模型卡、数据集说明）NRS-H60危害类别：供应链与流动中断（NHS-1 sys.supply-chain）NRS-X4贸易、运输与供应链风险NRS-H89危害类别：交通网络中断（NHS-1 infra.mobility）NRS-K38领域包概况：供应链与贸易（DOMAIN-038）NRS-H43危害族：畜牧业和水产养殖动物疫病（NHS-1 health.animal-health）NRS-M10方法结构：市场、贸易与供应链
观测
- IMF PortWatch port activity and chokepoint disruptions (listed for reference)
- Global Supply Chain Pressure Index (listed for reference)
- OECD Data Explorer（SDMX API）（仅列作参考）
- World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API（仅列作参考）
- Developing countries’ and least developed countries’ share of global exports
- Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport
示例地理范围
- The Strait of Malacca: 227 hexagonal cells
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水，30 m（OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达），NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率（IMERG），NASA GIBS
- 地表土壤湿度（SMAP），NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| USGS 矿产品概要 | Production, reserves and import reliance by mineral | Public domain, US government data |
| British Geological Survey World Mineral Statistics | Production and trade of minerals by country | Licence to check |
| IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook and data explorer | Supply, demand and processing concentration scenarios | Licence per dataset (to check) |
| OECD Inventory of Export Restrictions on Industrial Raw Materials | Export restrictions by mineral and country | Public, OECD terms |
| European Commission critical raw materials assessments | Criticality methodology and results for the EU | Public, EU reuse policy |
| EITI data portal | Extractive sector disclosures by country | Open, EITI terms |
How critical minerals is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in critical minerals: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Ministries of industry, energy and mines | Which minerals to treat as critical and which supply options to support | Criticality profiles; diversification scenarios |
| Manufacturers | How to diversify sourcing and invest in recycling or substitution | Concentration maps; recycling evidence |
| Producer country governments | How to capture value and manage mining risks | Value chain and EITI evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Criticality profiles combining supply risk and economic importance
- Processing concentration maps by mineral
- Diversification and recycling scenario analyses
- Evidence notes on export restrictions
What experts ask about critical minerals.
- Where are reserves, mines and refineries located, and how concentrated is each stage?
- How quickly can new supply come online, given exploration, permitting and construction times?
- Which materials can be substituted, reduced or recycled, and at what performance cost?
- How do demand projections change under different technology and policy pathways?
- What environmental and social conditions accompany extraction and processing?
What drives supply risk.
Geology sets the starting point: economically viable deposits of some minerals occur in few places. But concentration is often greater in processing than in mining. Refining and chemical processing require specialised plants, know-how and reagents, and capacity has tended to cluster where costs, policy support and industrial ecosystems favoured it.
New supply is slow. Developing a mine typically takes many years from discovery to production, and refining capacity also needs time to build and qualify. Meanwhile, demand can grow quickly with energy and digital transitions. This mismatch produces price volatility, which in turn discourages investment, creating cycles.
Some minerals are by-products, recovered only when another metal is mined, so their supply depends on demand for the main product. Policy matters too: export restrictions, resource nationalism and trade measures can change availability quickly.
方法及其局限。
- 01
Criticality assessment
Frameworks combining economic importance with supply risk. Results depend on chosen indicators and weights, and differ between assessments.
- 02
Material flow analysis
Tracking materials through extraction, processing, use and recycling. Data on intermediate trade and stocks are incomplete.
- 03
Materials science
Research on substitution, reduced intensity and recycling routes using materials science and chemistry. Laboratory advances may take years to reach industrial scale.
- 04
Network concentration analysis
Measures of supplier concentration at each stage using 网络科学. Ownership and control can differ from location.
Demand projections for transition minerals vary widely with assumptions about technology and policy, and are presented as scenarios, not predictions.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
- IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 (International Energy Agency, 2025)
- USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (U.S. Geological Survey, 2025)
- Principles to guide critical energy transition minerals, UN Secretary-General’s Panel (United Nations, 2024)
- Regulation (EU) 2024/1252, the Critical Raw Materials Act
问题与解答。
What makes a mineral critical?
Why is processing more concentrated than mining?
Can recycling replace mining?
Does the platform keep its own list of critical minerals?
Can recycling solve supply risk?
Does the platform assess individual mining projects?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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