GCRI · 先进产业与机器人
技术采用
New production technologies spread unevenly: large firms and leading regions adopt early, while small and medium enterprises lag because of cost, skills, finance and uncertainty. The gap shapes productivity, competitiveness and resilience. This page sets out how industrial firms adopt technology, what holds them back, how diffusion is measured, and what evidence serves the agencies and programmes that support adoption.
Technology adoption: how the risk develops.
Skills, productivity and inclusion. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Upfront costs deter small firms
Equipment, integration and training costs come before benefits. Small firms with limited finance and short horizons delay investment.
Skills and management matter
Firms need managers who can plan and staff who can use new technology. Management practices are a strong predictor of adoption.
Intermediaries reduce risk
Technology centres, demonstration facilities and advisory services let firms test technology before buying it, reducing uncertainty and risk.
Supply chains pull adoption
Large customers often require suppliers to adopt standards and technologies, spreading them along supply chains.
德国的基础设施暴露。
德国的夜间灯光、人口密度和洪水水体,来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页面的基础设施暴露
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE FIRMS
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;并非已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
基础设施风险暴露,以德国为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 12 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
Adoption decides whether technology helps any domain.
Adoption studies are designed for the 证据简报系列. Innovation is measured under the Oslo Manual (2018).
- Adoption surveys.
- Evaluations including failures.
Energy and circularity board.
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。
Energy and circularity board
Technology adoption · Industrial park A · Year 2
Material flows
- Recycled
- Recovered
- Landfill
Targets
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adoption of advanced technologies by firm size | percent of firms | per survey | Business surveys | 已报告 |
| Management practice scores | 得分 | per survey | Management surveys | 估算 |
| Firms using technology extension services | 计数 | 年度 | 计划记录 | 已报告 |
| Productivity gap between leading and lagging firms | ratio | 年度 | Firm-level productivity data | 估算 |
| Public support for technology adoption | currency units | 年度 | Programme budgets | 已发布统计 |
| Business investment in machinery and equipment | share of GDP | 年度 | 国民账户 | 已发布统计 |
Model technology adoption as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 工业与制造业: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- Natech event
- 溃坝
- 河流洪水 (在下游引发)
- Flash flood (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
- Chemical spill or leak (set off downstream)
- Emergency-response overload (set off downstream)
- 大范围停电(在下游引发)
- 供水短缺(在下游引发)
- Toxic gas release (set off downstream)
- Industrial fire (set off downstream)
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NS-12软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品(供应链、模型卡、数据集说明)NRS-H60危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)NRS-H50危害类别:工业与过程事故(NHS-1 infra.industrial)NRS-H109危害类别:能源转型技术故障(NHS-1 tech.energy-transition)NRS-X10化学、工业、核与辐射安全NRS-H54危害类别:信号与平台中断(NHS-1 cyber.platform)NRS-K14领域包概况:制造业与工业(DOMAIN-014)
观测
- eMARS Major Accident Reporting System (listed for reference)
- World Development Indicators (listed for reference)
- ILOSTAT (listed for reference)
- Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita
- CO2 emission per unit of value added
- Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)
- Direct economic loss to all other damaged or destroyed productive assets attributed to disasters
示例地理范围
- The Strait of Malacca: 227 hexagonal cells
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| OECD studies on technology diffusion and productivity | Evidence on adoption gaps and policies | Public, OECD terms |
| World Management Survey | Management practice scores across firms and countries | Public, terms to check |
| World Bank Enterprise Surveys and Firm-level Adoption of Technology survey | Technology use by firms in many countries | Free with registration, World Bank terms |
| Eurostat enterprise technology statistics | Adoption by firm size | Open, Eurostat reuse policy |
| Evaluations of manufacturing extension programmes | Effects of adoption support | Licence per publication |
How technology adoption is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in technology adoption: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
Advanced Industry and Robotics prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Industry ministries and development agencies | How to design adoption support | Gap profiles; evaluation evidence |
| Technology centres | Which services to offer and to whom | Barrier analyses |
| Firms and associations | How to plan technology investment | Adoption and productivity evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Adoption gap profiles by firm size and region
- Evaluation designs for adoption support programmes
- Management and skills barrier analyses
- Evidence notes for industrial policy
专家提出的问题。
- 01
Who adopts, and why?
How firm size, sector, finance, skills and management affect uptake.
- 02
Does adoption raise productivity?
Why gains often lag adoption and depend on complementary investments.
- 03
Who gains and who loses?
Effects on wages, employment and regional economies.
- 04
How can adoption be safe?
How small firms manage safety and cyber risk with limited expertise.
What drives the risk.
Productivity gains from new technology often lag adoption because firms must reorganise processes, retrain staff and accumulate experience. Complementary investments in skills, data and management matter as much as the equipment, and firms that buy technology without them often see little benefit and sometimes new failure modes.
Small and medium manufacturers face barriers: upfront cost, lack of in-house expertise and uncertainty about returns. When they lag, supply chains become uneven and gaps between leading and lagging firms widen.
Labour market effects vary. Automation can displace routine tasks while creating demand for technical and maintenance skills. Outcomes depend on training, mobility and 社会保护.
Rapid adoption by firms without safety expertise can introduce hazards. Integration support, shared guidance and training help smaller firms adopt safely.
Geography matters. Adoption clusters where skills, suppliers, research institutions and finance are close together, so regions without them risk falling further behind unless institutions deliberately spread capability.
证据如何收集,以及止于何处。
| 方法或数据 | 显示内容 | 其局限 |
|---|---|---|
| Firm surveys | Adoption rates and barriers | Response bias toward larger firms |
| Productivity statistics | Output per worker over time | Hard to attribute to technology |
| Labour market data | Employment and wage effects | Many confounding factors |
| 案例研究 | How adoption unfolds in practice | Limited generalisability |
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
Why do small firms adopt technology more slowly?
What is a technology extension service?
Does technology adoption raise productivity?
Does automation destroy jobs?
Does the platform recommend technologies to firms?
Why focus on small firms?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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