GCRI · 城市与建成环境
绿蓝基础设施
Parks, street trees, green roofs, wetlands, rivers and ponds are green and blue infrastructure: they cool streets, absorb and slow stormwater, clean air and water, support biodiversity and improve wellbeing. Their benefits depend on design, location and maintenance, and are often unequally shared. This page sets out how they work, how their performance is measured, and what evidence serves the city authorities and communities that plan and care for them.
Green blue infrastructure: how the risk develops.
Nature-based urban interventions. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Shade and evaporation cool
Trees shade surfaces and people, and vegetation and water cool air through evaporation. The cooling is strongest in and next to green and blue spaces and fades with distance.
Soil and plants hold water
Permeable ground, rain gardens, swales and wetlands store and infiltrate rainwater, reducing runoff peaks. Their capacity is limited in very large storms and when soils are saturated.
Benefits are unequally shared
Wealthier neighbourhoods often have more trees and parks. New green investment can raise property values and displace residents unless housing is protected.
Living assets need care
Trees take years to grow and die without watering and maintenance. Green infrastructure performs only as long as it is managed, which needs budgets and skills.
Infrastructure exposure in India.
Night lights, population density and flood water over India, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页面的基础设施暴露
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2）（NASA LAADS DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星辐射亮度，已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度；灯光是用电和停电的替代指标，并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11（NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN））
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN）
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null；基于人口普查的估算，静态（2020）
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算，作为风险暴露背景展示；不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层造成缺口）
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星探测；云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测；云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层造成缺口）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra EVI（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星指数；云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数，是栖息地状况指标；不衡量物种或生物多样性。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作，地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。
Infrastructure exposure, framed on India.NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。
数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光，NASA 戈达德航天中心；由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统（LAADS DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
- Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 河流流量预报，30天及区间（GloFAS，经Open-Meteo）：包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息；非洪水警报。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层（图层列表中有 12 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报是模型输出，派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 夜间灯光，每日：VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2），NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 人口密度，2020 年：人口：哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN，世界网格化人口 v4.11（2018），NASA SEDAC， CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 洪水水体，3 日合成：VIIRS 全球洪水产品，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
- 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 增强型植被指数，滚动 8 天：MODIS Terra EVI，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
Green and blue infrastructure couples nature to urban water, heat and health.
Evaluations are designed for the 证据简报系列. The IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions (2020) sets design and verification criteria.
- Monitoring of green infrastructure performance.
- Maintenance and cost records.
Urban heat console.
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Share of built-up area that is open space for public use | percent | 每次评估 | SDG indicator 11.7.1 methods | 估算 |
| Tree canopy cover | percent of area | 每次评估 | Aerial and satellite imagery | 观测 |
| Population within walking distance of green space | percent of population | 每次评估 | Accessibility analysis | 模型生成 |
| Impervious surface cover | percent of area | 每次评估 | Satellite land cover | 观测 |
| Stormwater retained by green infrastructure | cubic metres per design storm | per project | Hydrological modelling and monitoring | 模型生成 |
| Street trees planted and surviving | count and survival percent | 年度 | Municipal tree inventories | 已报告 |
在相互依存的网络中的一次级联。
A 危害足迹 会摧毁每一层中位于同一位置的资产；随后，碎片化、层间依赖以及幸存部分的过载会使失效蔓延。3D 视图按深度分开各层。这是附有明示示意值的教学模型，不是预测。本页地图显示的是印度；模型本身不依附于某个地点。
控制措施
- 每个图层的资产
- 18
- 危害足迹
- 占面积的 8%
- 依赖其他图层的资产
- 60%
- 备用容量（容差）
- 30%
读数
- 受危害冲击的资产
- 19%
- 仍在运行的资产
- 44%
- 初始损害的放大
- 3.0 times
- 结算步数
- 3
数字、方法与来源
| 步骤 | 交通运行（%） | 电力运行（%） | 电信运行（%） |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 89 | 78 | 78 |
| 1 | 78 | 56 | 33 |
| 2 | 67 | 50 | 22 |
| 3 | 67 | 50 | 17 |
方法
- 相互依存网络 Buldyrev 等（2010），Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks，Nature 464
- 过载级联 Motter and Lai (2002), Physical Review E 66
- 介数负载 Brandes (2001), Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25
- 多层网络 Kivela and others (2014), Journal of Complex Networks 2
- 基础设施相互依赖 Rinaldi, Peerenboom and Kelly (2001), IEEE Control Systems 21(6)
- 不确定性扇形图（参数蒙特卡罗） Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- 单因素敏感性（龙卷风图） Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
数据
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- 主要道路 Natural Earth
- 铁路 Natural Earth
- 海港 Natural Earth
- 机场 Natural Earth
- 城市范围 Natural Earth
- 今晚的夜间灯光、停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段） NASA/NOAA VIIRS（Suomi NPP）· 登记 nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
- 自然事件（NASA EONET） NASA EONET · 登记 nasa.eonet.events
贯穿六大支柱，由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| ESA WorldCover and Copernicus land monitoring products | Land cover and imperviousness | Open, CC BY 4.0 and Copernicus terms |
| Municipal tree inventories | Location, species and condition of street trees | Open data where published, licence per city |
| UN-Habitat SDG 11.7.1 data | Public open space in cities | Public, UN-Habitat terms (to check) |
| IUCN 基于自然的解决方案全球标准 | Criteria for designing and assessing nature-based solutions | Public, IUCN terms |
| Urban hydrology monitoring studies | Measured performance of rain gardens, swales and green roofs | Licence per publication |
Model green blue infrastructure as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 城市与建成环境: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- 冰塞洪水
- 地震
- 溃坝
- Aftershock sequence （在下游引发）
- Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
- Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
- Slope slide (set off downstream)
- Rockfall (set off downstream)
- Tsunami (set off downstream)
- Building collapse (set off downstream)
- 大范围停电（在下游引发）
- Water supply failure (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所（在下游引发）
- Disaster and conflict debris (set off downstream)
- 河流洪水（在下游引发）
- Flash flood (set off downstream)
- Turbidity current (set off downstream)
- Seismically and structurally vulnerable stock (set off downstream)
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI（语法、旧编码对照、分配机构）NS-5图表、地图和可视化标准（配合 UI/UX 套件）NS-9情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）NS-10政策和条款（机器可读的义务：定义、约束、评估和执行）NS-11验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）NRS-X5城市与建成环境风险NRS-H91危害族：城市与建成存量压力（NHS-1 infra.urban）NRS-H113危害类别：金融体系脆弱性（NHS-1 soc.financial-system）NRS-K7领域包概况：城市（DOMAIN-007）NRS-H31危害类别：持久性和生物累积性物质（NHS-1 poll.persistent）NRS-H34危害类别：废物与残余物处置失效（NHS-1 poll.waste）
观测
- Global Human Settlement Layer (listed for reference)
- WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)
- Overture Maps buildings theme (listed for reference)
- OpenStreetMap (listed for reference)
- World Development Indicators (listed for reference)
- Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters
- Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national strategies
- Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing
- Percentage of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national strategies
示例地理范围
- India: 65 hexagonal cells
- 穿透云层的地表水，30 m（OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达），NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率（IMERG），NASA GIBS
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
- 地表土壤湿度（SMAP），NASA GIBS
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Cities and Built Environment prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| City parks and environment departments | Where to plant trees and create green space first | Equity maps; heat and canopy evidence |
| Stormwater and drainage authorities | Where green infrastructure can reduce flooding and by how much | Performance assessments |
| Housing and planning authorities | How to green neighbourhoods without displacing residents | Equity and housing evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Canopy and green space equity maps
- Stormwater performance assessments for green infrastructure
- Cooling evidence from satellite and sensor data
- Maintenance and survival tracking methods
How green blue infrastructure is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in green blue infrastructure: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
专家提出的问题。
- 01
What does each intervention deliver?
Cooling, flood storage, water quality, biodiversity and health benefits, and how they vary with design and scale.
- 02
How reliable is it?
How performance changes with drought, maintenance and extreme events beyond design.
- 03
Who benefits?
Whether green space is distributed fairly or raises land values and displaces residents.
- 04
How does it combine with grey infrastructure?
Where hybrid designs outperform either approach alone.
What drives the risk.
Vegetation cools through shade and evaporation. Permeable surfaces and wetlands slow and store runoff, reducing flood peaks. Soils and plants filter pollutants. These effects are real but depend on species, water availability, maintenance and the size and connection of green areas.
Nature-based measures have different risk profiles from engineered ones. They may take years to mature, can fail in drought or disease, and their capacity in extreme events is harder to specify. They also deliver co-benefits engineered 系统 do not.
Greening can raise property values and rents, a process sometimes called green gentrification, which can displace the residents it was meant to help.
气候变化 alters the baseline. Species chosen today must cope with tomorrow’s heat and drought, and urban trees under water stress cool less. Design therefore needs to plan for irrigation, species diversity and replacement over decades.
证据如何收集，以及止于何处。
| 方法或数据 | 显示内容 | 其局限 |
|---|---|---|
| Field monitoring | Measured cooling or runoff reduction | Site-specific; hard to generalise |
| Hydrological models | Flood storage under design storms | Uncertain for extremes beyond calibration |
| Remote sensing of vegetation | Canopy cover and change | Does not show condition or function |
| Social surveys | Use, perceived benefit and equity | Self-report limits |
如何研究，以及方法无法说明的内容。
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is green infrastructure?
Can trees reduce urban heat?
What is a nature-based solution?
Can green infrastructure replace drains and flood defences?
How long before benefits appear?
Who maintains it?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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