G-P16 · TOPIC · education-and-capabilitiesGCRI dossier · service level R0
GCRISociety and Human DevelopmentIn development
Topic dossier · Society and Human Development

Education and capabilities

Education builds the capabilities people need to lead lives they value: literacy, numeracy, skills and the confidence to participate. Many children attend school without learning foundational skills, and crises close schools and push children out. This page sets out how learning happens and is disrupted, how access and learning are measured, and what evidence serves the education authorities and agencies responsible.

01In brief

The short answer.

Education and learning are how people build the literacy, numeracy, skills and confidence that expand their capabilities. Many children attend school without learning foundational skills, losses compound when crises close schools, and poverty, gender, disability, displacement and language keep particular groups out of learning.

02Geography

People and exposure in Latin America and the Caribbean.

For education and capabilities, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on population density, true-colour imagery and night lights with true colour from NASA GIBS, framed on Latin America and the Caribbean; every other NASA layer, live feed and forecast waits in the layer list.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 3

People and exposure, for this page

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

For education and capabilities, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on population density, true-colour imagery and night lights with true colour from NASA GIBS, framed on Latin America and the Caribbean; every other NASA layer, live feed and forecast waits in the layer list.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · GDACS · Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A · NASA HLS S30Sources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
  • Live: GDACS (EC JRC / UN OCHA) Events are indicative, not official warnings.
  • Observed (EO): Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026), Microsoft Planetary Computer
  • Observed (EO): NASA HLS S30 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Optional layers (35 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
  • True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
  • Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026

03Console

Social protection and cohesion, in outline.

The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.

Social protection and cohesion

Education and capabilities · Urban ward 9 · Year 2

Survey wave closedGCRI · Society and Human Development

Coverage by quintile

050100share of households receiving supportQ1Q2Q3Q4Q5

Cohesion survey

Trust in neighbours5847▼ 3
Trust in local authority4758▼ 5
Reported discrimination1212▲ 4
Social protection and cohesion: the screen's structure, terms and states for Education and capabilities.Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.
04The question

Education and capabilities: how the risk develops.

Learning inequality and societal opportunity. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mechanism

Schooling is not learning

Enrolment has risen widely, but many children leave primary school unable to read a simple text. Foundational learning is the core gap.

Mechanism

Lost learning compounds

Children who fall behind early struggle to catch up, and school closures in crises widen gaps that persist.

Mechanism

Barriers differ by group

Poverty, gender norms, disability, displacement and language keep particular groups out of school or learning less.

Mechanism

Schools need protection

Attacks on schools, disasters and use of schools as shelters interrupt education; safe school planning reduces disruption.

05Key terms

Terms used on this page.

Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.

TermDefinition
Learning povertyThe share of ten-year-olds unable to read and understand a simple text.
Foundational learningBasic literacy, numeracy and transferable skills that later learning builds on.
Education in emergenciesQuality learning opportunities for people affected by crises, from early childhood to adulthood.
06Indicators

What is measured, and how well.

Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.

IndicatorUnitCadenceSource typeLabel
Out-of-school ratepercent of children of school ageannualUIS dataESTIMATED
Learning povertypercent of ten-year-olds unable to read and understand a simple textper assessmentWorld Bank and UIS estimatesESTIMATED
Minimum proficiency in reading and mathematicspercent of studentsper assessmentSDG indicator 4.1.1 assessmentsOBSERVED
School days lost to closuresdaysper eventEducation ministry recordsREPORTED
Gender parity index in enrolmentratioannualUIS dataOFFICIAL
Education spendingpercent of GDPannualUIS and budget dataOFFICIAL
07Canvas

From sources to decisions.

The topic as a computational graph: named sources feed the methods, an evidence review gates the outputs, and the decisions stay with the authorities that hold them.

Pipeline canvas · Education and capabilities as a run graphDesign, not a record
Education and capabilities: from needs assessment to accountable responseA joint needs assessment estimates people in need and severity; a response plan sets targets by sector; funding and delivery follow; monitoring and feedback from affected people adjust the response. Design of the process, not a record of a run.

Fig. 02Nodes carry their type, two metric rows and a state; connectors show what feeds what; dashed frames name the owners; the timeline is the cadence. Design of the pipeline, not a record of a run.

08Sources

Where the evidence comes from.

Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.

SourceWhat it givesLicence class
UNESCO Institute for StatisticsEnrolment, completion, learning and spendingOpen, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
UNESCO Global Education Monitoring ReportAnalysis of progress on education goalsPublic, UNESCO terms
International learning assessments such as PISA, TIMSS, PIRLS and regional assessmentsLearning outcomesPublic results, terms per programme
Global Coalition to Protect Education from AttackAttacks on educationPublic, terms to check
Comprehensive School Safety Framework resourcesSafe schools planningPublic, terms per publisher (to check)
09Decisions

Who decides, and what the evidence serves.

Society and Human Development prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Who decidesThe questionEvidence this page serves
Education ministriesWhere to focus on access and foundational learningProfiles; programme evaluations
Education in emergencies agenciesHow to keep children learning in crisesDisruption and recovery evidence
Finance ministries and donorsHow much to invest and whereSpending and outcome evidence

Outputs this topic produces

  • Access and learning profiles by group
  • Evaluations of foundational learning programmes
  • Disruption and recovery analyses for crises
  • Evidence notes for education planning
10Core questions

The questions experts ask.

  • Who is in school, and who is actually learning?
  • How do disasters, conflict and epidemics interrupt education, and what are the lasting effects?
  • How does education change people's capacity to prepare for and recover from shocks?
  • Which interventions recover lost learning?
  • How do skills systems prepare people for changing work?
11Mechanisms

Learning, disruption and capability.

Enrolment has expanded widely, but many children in school do not acquire foundational literacy and numeracy. Learning gaps follow income, gender, disability, language and location. Crises widen them: school closures interrupt learning and nutrition programmes, damaged buildings take time to rebuild, and the children most affected are usually those already behind. Learning losses can persist into adulthood as lower skills and earnings.

Education also builds resilience. Educated households tend to have better health, more diversified livelihoods and greater ability to use warnings and information. In the capability approach, education expands the real freedoms people have to choose how to live. Skills systems shape whether workers can adapt as technology and climate change alter labour markets.

Gender shapes these effects. In many settings girls are more likely to be withdrawn from school during economic stress or displacement, and to face early marriage, while boys may be pulled into work; recovery measures that ignore these differences leave gaps that persist into adulthood.

12Methods and data

Evidence on learning.

Assessment

Learning assessments

Standardized and household-based assessments measure what children learn; comparability across systems is limited.

Admin data

School records

Enrolment, attendance and infrastructure data from education systems; quality varies.

Evaluation

Impact studies

Evaluations of remedial learning, school feeding and distance learning; effects depend on context.

Limits: out-of-school and displaced children are often missing from data, and short-term test results capture only part of what education provides.

14Questions

Questions and answers.

What is learning poverty?
The share of ten-year-old children unable to read and understand a simple text, combining out-of-school children and those in school who are not learning.
What is the capability approach?
A view of development, associated with Amartya Sen, that focuses on people's real freedoms to be and do what they value, such as being educated and healthy.
How do crises affect education?
They close or damage schools, displace children and teachers, and push families to withdraw children, causing learning losses that persist.
Does the platform design curricula?
No. It studies learning inequality and the effects of crises on education. Curricula belong to education authorities.
Can remote learning replace schools in a crisis?
It can reduce losses where connectivity, devices and support exist, but evidence shows it often widens gaps for those without them.
Why is education a risk topic?
Because it shapes how people prepare for, understand and recover from shocks, and because crises can cause lasting learning losses.
Society and Human Development

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