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GCRI · 社会与人类发展

人道主义风险

Humanitarian risk is the chance that a crisis will overwhelm people’s ability to cope and require outside assistance. It combines hazards and conflict, people’s vulnerability and the capacity of institutions to respond. Assessing it helps agencies prepare and act early. This page sets out how humanitarian risk is analysed, how needs are estimated, and what evidence serves the humanitarian and development actors who use it. It names no third-party risk index.

01登记

Humanitarian risk on the record.

02问题

Humanitarian risk: how the risk develops.

Humanitarian and displacement analysis under safeguards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Hazard, vulnerability and capacity combine

Humanitarian need arises where hazards or conflict meet vulnerable people and weak response capacity, so all three must be assessed together.

机制

Crises compound

Conflict, economic collapse, disease and disasters often occur together, with each making the others harder to address.

机制

Early action needs early analysis

Analysis of risk before crises peak lets agencies preposition supplies and act early, which costs less than late response.

机制

Needs estimates shape funding

Estimates of people in need drive appeals and allocations, so their methods and assumptions matter greatly.

03地理

Hazards now in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Population density, flood water and active fires over Latin America and the Caribbean, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的当前危害

关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
提供方
NASA LANCE FIRMS
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;并非已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
提供方
NASA GES DISC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;近实时卫星估算
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

Hazards now, framed on Latin America and the Caribbean.NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 20 个数据源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在开启时,会在地图上和此处注明其提供方;预报为模型输出,衍生指数为估算值。

图层与日期

  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日

04跨领域

Humanitarian risk indices combine every domain’s hazards.

Findings are designed for the 国家系统风险与韧性系列. Composite humanitarian risk methods are documented as methods; Nexus pages show indicators domain by domain, never a ranking.

  • Humanitarian data through HDX.
  • Critiques of composite indices.
05监测

人道主义需求概览。

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

Humanitarian needs overview: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Humanitarian risk.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
People in need of humanitarian assistance计数年度Humanitarian needs overviews估算
Population in acute 粮食不安全people by IPC phaseper analysisIntegrated Food Security Phase Classification估算
Humanitarian appeal funding coveragepercent funded年度OCHA Financial Tracking Service已报告
Conflict events计数每周Conflict event data已报告
预期行动 triggers activated计数per season机构记录已报告
Access constraintscount of reported incidents每月Humanitarian access monitoring已报告
07模拟器

从危害到损失:超越概率曲线。

给定损失被超越的频率,由 Gumbel 危害、对数正态易损性和 防护标准得出;曲线下的面积就是 年均损失. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Latin America and the Caribbean; the model itself is not tied to a place.

控制措施

典型年度危害强度(所在地)
1.00 强度指数
极端值的扩散(尺度)
强度指数 0.80
损失一半价值时的强度
4.00 强度指数
脆弱性的离散程度
0.55
危害足迹中的价值占比
40%
防护标准(重现期)
50 年

读数

年均损失
占价值的 0.51%
百年一遇(1/100)的损失
占价值的 24.5%
250 年一遇(1/250)的损失
占价值的 28.4%
百年一遇(1/100)的强度
强度指数 4.68
数字、方法与来源
重现期(年)强度(强度指数)损失(占价值的 %)
10.090.00
21.270.00
41.910.00
72.470.00
133.000.00
243.510.00
444.020.00
824.5323.55
1545.0326.44
2875.5328.87
5366.0330.88
1,0006.5332.53

方法

  1. Gumbel 极值危害 Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press
  2. 对数正态易损性(脆弱性) FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual
  3. 超越概率曲线与年均损失 Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer
  4. 堤防效应 Di Baldassarre and others (2013), Socio-hydrology, HESS 17
  5. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  6. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • 河流 Natural Earth
  • 城市范围 Natural Earth
  • 城市 Natural Earth
  • 过去一周 M4.5+ 地震(USGS) 美国地质调查局 · 登记 usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds
  • 降雨率,最近半小时(IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · 登记 nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • 河流流量预报,30 天及范围(GloFAS via Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com(CC BY 4.0)、Copernicus GloFAS · 登记 open-meteo.public-pages
  • 建成区与居民点范围,2010 年(HBASE,Landsat) CIESIN/Columbia、NASA SEDAC HBASE · 登记 sedac.context-urban-layers
从危害到损失:超越曲线。示意性教学模型:它依据控件设定的数值运行,而非实测数据。方法:Gumbel extreme-value hazard (Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press);对数正态脆弱性 (FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual);Exceedance-probability curve and average annual loss (Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer)。
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
OCHA Global Humanitarian Overview and Humanitarian Needs OverviewsPeople in need and appeal requirements公开,联合国使用条款
Integrated Food Security Phase Classification analysesAcute 粮食不安全 classificationsPublic, IPC terms
ACLED conflict event dataPolitical violence and protest eventsFree with registration, ACLED terms
OCHA Humanitarian Data ExchangeShared humanitarian datasetsOpen, licence per dataset
FEWS NET food security outlooksFood security projectionsPublic domain, US government (to check current status)
09孪生与级联模拟器

Model humanitarian risk as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 人道主义与公民社会: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-10 政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NRS-C7 预警, triggers and 预期行动
  • NRS-S9 System profile: NXS-AAP (Anticipatory action and triggers)
  • NRS-H114 危害类别:宏观经济与财政冲击(NHS-1 soc.macro-fiscal)
  • NRS-D3 人道主义响应与韧性恢复
  • NRS-E1 年度项目周期、演练与关口
  • NRS-H18 危害类别:喷发产物与火山活动异常(NHS-1 geo.eruptive)

观测

  • Humanitarian Data Exchange (listed for reference)
  • Financial Tracking Service (listed for reference)
  • IATI Datastore (listed for reference)
  • IPC food insecurity classifications (listed for reference)
  • Refugee Data Finder (listed for reference)
  • INFORM Risk Index(仅列作参考)
  • 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数
  • Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale
  • Percentage of population exposed to or at risk from disasters protected through pre-emptive evacuation following early warning
  • Number of directly affected people attributed to disasters, per 100,000 population

示例地理范围

  • East Africa: 189 hexagonal cells
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Society and Human Development prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Humanitarian coordinators and agenciesWhere to prepare and prioritise assistanceRisk analyses; needs estimates
DonorsHow to allocate humanitarian and anticipatory fundingFunding and risk evidence
National disaster and 社会保护 authoritiesHow to link national 系统 with humanitarian responseEarly action evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Humanitarian risk analyses combining hazard, vulnerability and capacity
  • Needs estimation method reviews
  • 预警 and early action evidence summaries
  • Evidence notes for humanitarian planning
11方法与证据

How humanitarian risk is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

系统模型

The couplings between the systems in humanitarian risk: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+社会信息社区经济R 增强B 平衡
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
12核心问题

专家提出的问题。

  • Where are crises likely to cause the greatest 人道主义需求 in coming months?
  • Which combinations of hazard, conflict and vulnerability drive that need?
  • How reliable are early indicators, and how much lead time do they offer?
  • How should uncertainty in forecasts be communicated to decision-makers?
  • Which data uses create risks for affected people, and how are they prevented?
13机制

Composite risk and early warning.

Humanitarian risk models typically combine three dimensions: hazard and exposure, including conflict; vulnerability of the population; and lack of 应对能力, including weak institutions and infrastructure. Indicators are aggregated into indices that rank or classify areas. Forecasting of 粮食不安全, displacement or disease outbreaks uses climate forecasts, market prices, conflict data and seasonal patterns to give warning before needs peak.

Anticipatory approaches link forecasts to pre-agreed actions, aiming to act before a shock becomes a crisis. Their value depends on forecast skill, the time needed to act and the cost of acting when the event does not occur. Conflict-driven crises are harder to anticipate than seasonal hazards, and compound crises challenge models built for single shocks.

Verification closes the loop. Comparing past forecasts with what actually happened shows whether indicators and models deserve trust, which thresholds work and where biases lie. Publishing that verification, including failures, is part of responsible humanitarian analysis.

14方法与数据

Methods and safeguards.

指数

Composite indicators

Indices summarise risk across many indicators; weighting choices and data gaps shape results.

Forecasts

Predictive models

Statistical and machine-learning forecasts of need; skill varies and must be verified.

保障措施

Responsible data

Aggregation, access controls and review prevent data from identifying or targeting people.

Limits: indices can mask local drivers, models trained on past crises may miss new patterns, and false alarms and missed events both carry costs. Data about locations of vulnerable groups can be dangerous in conflict settings.

15方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 社会与行为科学面向难以接触群体的调查设计 · 定性与参与式研究在此应用
  2. 空间统计与地统计小区域贫困估计 · 脆弱性与危害叠加在此应用
  3. 因果推断与影响评估现金转移评估 · 灾害对家庭的影响 · 教育项目评估在此应用
  4. 计量经济学基于面板数据的贫困动态 · 价格冲击归宿 · 不平等分解在此应用
16Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

17问题

问题与解答。

What is the IPC?
The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, a common scale used by governments and agencies to classify the severity of food insecurity in five phases.
How is humanitarian need estimated?
Through joint analysis of surveys, assessments and secondary data that estimates how many people need assistance and in which sectors, with methods stated in each needs overview.
Why act before a crisis peaks?
Because early action based on risk analysis can protect lives and livelihoods at lower cost than responding after losses have occurred.
Does the platform issue humanitarian alerts?
No. It studies risk analysis methods and evidence. Alerts and appeals belong to humanitarian and national authorities.
Are risk rankings published?
Only in reviewed outputs with methods, uncertainty and safeguards, and never as a judgement of a government.
How are people protected in this analysis?
By aggregation, access control, review of every data use and a rule never to publish information that could locate or identify vulnerable people.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI社会与人类发展国家系统风险与韧性证据简报
社会与人类发展

带来一种方法、一个数据集或一个问题。

信息和咨询现已开放。每项咨询都会获得一个编号,并告知下一步;申请、付款、算力分配和注册只有在相应团队、条款和审查能力就绪时才会开放。