GCRI · Labs
能源与水的未来实验室
Energy and water transitions depend on technologies moving from the laboratory to the grid, the treatment works and the farm: storage, electrolysers, heat pumps, desalination, water reuse, sensing and control. Many stall somewhere between a working prototype and a reliable system at scale. This lab studies that passage: how readiness is assessed, how pilots are designed and read, and what regulators, utilities and funders need before a technology is adopted.
Future of energy and water labs: how the risk develops.
Water, energy and technical transitions. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
The gap between pilot and market
Public research funds early stages and private capital funds demonstrated ones. Between them, demonstration at scale is costly, slow and risky, and technologies can stall there regardless of technical merit.
Integration risk exceeds component risk
A component demonstrated alone can fail when connected to a grid, a network or a treatment train. Control interactions, fouling, intermittency and maintenance burdens appear only at system level.
Pilots are chosen to succeed
Demonstration sites are often selected for favourable conditions, committed staff and close supervision. Results then overstate what a typical operator will achieve, unless the pilot design accounts for that selection.
Lock-in and rebound
Infrastructure lasts decades, so early choices fix later options. Efficiency gains can raise use, and shifting load between 系统 can move stress rather than remove it, as when desalination raises electricity demand.
全球当前水情。
来自 NASA GIBS 的全球夜间灯光、人口密度与洪水。每个图层都注明其日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页面的当前水情
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
- 提供方
- NASA GES DISC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;近实时卫星估算
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 2 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
全球当前水情。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
- 过去一年的每日气温(ERA5,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 气候变化服务 2026 年信息。
- 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 14 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日
- 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
The energy and water labs test the coupling directly.
在相互依存的网络中的一次级联。
A 危害足迹 会摧毁每一层中位于同处的资产;随后,碎片化、层间依赖和幸存资产的过载使失效扩散开来。3D 视图按深度分开各层。这是带有说明性取值的教学模型,不是预测。
控制措施
- 每个图层的资产
- 18
- 危害足迹
- 占面积的 8%
- 依赖其他图层的资产
- 60%
- 备用容量(容差)
- 30%
读数
- 受危害冲击的资产
- 9%
- 仍在运行的资产
- 28%
- 初始损害的放大
- 7.8 times
- 结算步数
- 3
数字、方法与来源
| 步骤 | Water working (%) | 电力运行(%) | 电信运行(%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 78 | 100 | 94 |
| 1 | 50 | 94 | 72 |
| 2 | 33 | 44 | 28 |
| 3 | 33 | 28 | 22 |
方法
- 相互依存网络 Buldyrev 等(2010),Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks,Nature 464
- 过载级联 Motter and Lai (2002), Physical Review E 66
- 介数负载 Brandes (2001), Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25
- 多层网络 Kivela and others (2014), Journal of Complex Networks 2
- 基础设施相互依赖 Rinaldi, Peerenboom and Kelly (2001), IEEE Control Systems 21(6)
- 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
数据
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- 主要道路 Natural Earth
- 铁路 Natural Earth
- 海港 Natural Earth
- 机场 Natural Earth
- 城市范围 Natural Earth
- 今晚的夜间灯光、停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段) NASA/NOAA VIIRS(Suomi NPP)· 登记 nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
- 自然事件(NASA EONET) NASA EONET · 登记 nasa.eonet.events
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 技术成熟度等级 | level on a named TRL scale | per technology | Independent readiness assessment | 估算 |
| Commercial readiness | level on a named commercial readiness scale | per technology | Readiness assessment | 估算 |
| Pilot availability | percent of scheduled operating hours | 每月 | Pilot operating logs | 观测 |
| Specific energy consumption of treatment | kilowatt hours per cubic metre | 每月 | Metered pilot data | 观测 |
| Public energy RD&D budget | national currency at constant prices | 年度 | IEA RD&D budget statistics | 已发布统计 |
| Gap between pilot and rated performance | percent of rated output | per pilot | Pilot data against manufacturer specification | 观测 |
| Pilot results published, including shortfalls | percent of funded pilots | 年度 | Programme records and repositories | 已报告 |
Model future of energy and water labs as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 全球与系统性风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-10政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NS-14符合性及与外部标准的对照NRS-H120危害族:互联系统的结构性脆弱(NHS-1 sys.fragility)NRS-C6系统性风险与级联风险NRS-H61危害族:级联失效(NHS-1 sys.cascade)NRS-H62危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)NRS-H94危害族:系统性网络事件(NHS-1 cyber.systemic-cyber)NRS-H60危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)
观测
- INFORM Risk Index(仅列作参考)
- World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API(仅列作参考)
- IMF 数据服务(WEO、IFS、FSI,通过 SDMX)(仅列作参考)
- 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
- 宏观经济仪表板
示例地理范围
- 孟加拉国:134 个六边形单元
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| IEA Energy Technology RD&D Budgets | Public spending on energy research, development and demonstration by technology | IEA terms, attribution |
| IEA Clean Energy Technology Guide | Readiness levels of clean energy technologies along value chains | IEA terms, attribution |
| IRENA statistics (International Renewable Energy Agency) | Renewable capacity, generation and costs by country | 免费,须署名 |
| CORDIS(欧盟委员会) | Energy and water demonstration projects and their deliverables | Free and open, CC BY |
| OSTI.gov (US Department of Energy) | Technical reports from national laboratories and funded projects | Public access, terms per report |
| Utility and pilot operating records | Metered performance, downtime and maintenance logs | By agreement with each operator |
The sector signature of future of energy and water labs.
The sectors future of energy and water 实验室 波及的行业及其相互依赖程度:研究需要同时观测和建模的内容。
签名
Water and Energy
Water gives energy cooling water and hydropower (0.6): the strongest relations between the sectors this subject joins.
W · E · I · F · H · B
- 部门
- 4 共 6
- 关系
- 6 共 15
- 耦合
- 0.46 占总量份额
当前最强的关系
- 能源 → 基础设施 · 为交通和电信供电0.8
- 水 → 能源 · 冷却水与水电0.6
- 水 → 粮食 · 灌溉0.8
- 基础设施 → 水 · 管道、水坝和处理设施0.6
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
实验室 prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Energy and water regulators | Whether a new technology may be connected, approved or admitted to the regulated asset base | Integration test results, safety and quality compliance, operating record |
| Utilities and grid operators | Whether to move from pilot to procurement, and at what scale | Pilot performance against baseline, availability, maintenance burden, cost |
| Public funders and innovation agencies | Which technologies to fund through demonstration, and when to stop | Independent readiness evidence, stage-gate criteria, published pilot results |
| Development finance institutions and investors | Whether technology risk is low enough for project finance | Operating history, readiness assessment, performance gap, warranty terms |
该主题产生的产出
- Readiness assessments with evidence per level and the operating environment stated
- Pilot designs that account for site selection and compare against a baseline
- System-integration test plans covering control, fouling, intermittency and maintenance
- Published pilot records, including those that fell short
How future of energy and water labs is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。
模型、方程与假设
The model structure used for future of energy and water labs, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.
Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)危害、风险暴露、脆弱性和应对能力EAL = ∑k pk · Lk对年概率为 pkxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error| 假设 | 为何制作 | 如何检验 |
|---|---|---|
| 在一次事件中,危害与暴露相互独立 | 使损失积分保持可计算 | 与基于联合记录拟合的 copula 进行比较 |
| 耦合在工作点附近是线性的 | 让冲击通过 A 传播 | 在线性范围之外施加扰动并比较 |
| 脆弱性曲线可以在不同地点之间迁移使用 | 很少有本地曲线可用 | 在有观测损失的地方据此进行验证 |
- 输入
- 带溯源信息的版本化数据集
- 成果
- 分布,绝不是单一数字
- 代码
- 连同模型卡和测试一起发布
- 复现
- 相同的数据、代码、环境和随机种子
What experts ask at the energy and water interface.
- How much water does each energy pathway need, where and in which season?
- How much energy does each water service need, and how flexible is that demand?
- How do droughts, heatwaves and floods affect both 系统 at once?
- Which technologies or operating rules reduce joint vulnerability, and at what cost to other goals?
- How do storage, in reservoirs, batteries or aquifers, change the coupling?
How the two systems are coupled.
Thermal power stations withdraw large volumes of water for cooling, and their output can be limited when river temperatures or flows exceed environmental limits during heatwaves. Hydropower depends directly on river flow and reservoir levels. Bioenergy competes with food and ecosystems for water. Wind and solar photovoltaic generation use little water in operation, which changes the coupling as energy 系统 shift.
In the other direction, pumping, treating and distributing water and treating wastewater are significant electricity loads. Desalination and long-distance transfers are energy-intensive. When power fails, water and sanitation services can fail with it, and the reverse is true where water shortages curtail generation.
Compound events, such as a 热浪 during drought, stress both systems together. These are the conditions under which cascading failures are most likely, and they are becoming more relevant as the climate changes.
How the labs work.
- 01
- 02
Pilot and testbed trials
Field tests of operating rules, sensors, storage or treatment technologies under testbed rules.
- 03
Observed data
River gauges, reservoir records, plant operating data and meter data. Records are uneven and operational data are often confidential.
- 04
情景分析
Exploration of climate and demand futures. Scenarios are not forecasts, and the choice of scenarios shapes conclusions.
Lab-scale or pilot results rarely translate directly to a whole system. Findings state the scale and conditions tested.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
Why do technologies stall after successful pilots?
Is a higher readiness level always stronger evidence?
Why publish pilots that fell short?
Do the labs recommend particular technologies?
Why combine energy and water in one lab?
Can a utility host a pilot?
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