Global Biodiversity 2026, Annex B

B.1The indicator set

Table B.1Global baseline indicator set
Indicator	Value	Unit	Year	State	Source
Species assessed	175,909	species	2026	Reported	¹²
Species threatened	49,505	species	2026	Reported	¹²
Terrestrial and inland waters, CBD global report	18.4	%	2025	Reported	²
Marine within national jurisdiction, CBD global report	23.2	%	2025	Reported	²
Global ocean, CBD global report	10	%	2025	Reported	²
Forest area	4.14	billion ha	2025	Reported	¹⁵
Gross deforestation, annual	10.9	million ha	2015 to 2025	Reported	¹⁵
Tropical primary forest loss	4.3	million ha	2025	Reported	¹⁶
Coral reef area with bleaching-level heat stress	84	%	2023 to 2025	Reported	¹⁸
Harmful flows (Business and Biodiversity)	7.3	USD trillion	2023	Reported	⁹
Flows to conservation and sustainable use	220	USD billion	2023	Reported	⁹
Harmful flows (Nexus assessment)	7	USD trillion	2024 report	Reported	⁸
Reported biodiversity finance, all sources	32.7	USD billion	2023	Reported	²
International public biodiversity finance	5.2	USD billion	2023	Reported	²
Parties with national targets aligned	162	Parties	2026	Reported	¹

Indicators, CSV Indicators, JSON

B.2Global source register

The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.

Domains bound by the register

BIO
CLI
FIN
GOV
MIN
FOO
DAT
TRD
WAT
HLT

Table B.3Global source register
Source	Category	Coverage	Period	Cadence	Role
IUCN Red List press release¹²	international union	global	2026	periodic	threatened species
IPBES Global Assessment⁷	intergovernmental platform	global	2019	one-off	state of nature
IPBES Business and Biodiversity SPM⁹	intergovernmental platform	global	2023	one-off	finance flows
CBD State of Biodiversity Action¹²	convention secretariat	global	2025	periodic	collective progress
Protected Planet statistics, post-close, context only¹³	UN agency and union	global	2026	monthly	area coverage
FAO Forest Resources Assessment¹⁵	UN agency	global	2025	five-yearly	forests
Tree cover loss data¹⁶¹⁷	university and institute	global	2025	annual	forest loss
NOAA Coral Reef Watch¹⁸	national agency	global	2025	operational	bleaching
IPBES Nexus SPM⁸	intergovernmental platform	global	2024	one-off	interlinkages
UN Treaty Collection¹⁴	United Nations	global	2026	continuous	treaty status

B.3Regional reading: biodiversity across ten clusters

Map plates follow with the regional Baseline Editions, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form and ranks no region.

Table B.4Regional reading: biodiversity across ten clusters
Region	Principal hazards	Systems most exposed	Baseline evidence
North America	wildfire; land use	forests, cities	Canada lost 5.3 million hectares to fire in 2025¹⁶
South America	forest loss and fire in the tropics	forests, food	Brazil cut non-fire primary forest loss by 41% in 2025; Bolivia second highest loss¹⁶
Europe	restoration and supply-chain law	land, cities	restoration and deforestation rules³³³⁴
Eurasia	boreal forest and steppe	land, energy	regional statistics (not bound)
Middle East and North Africa	drylands and coasts	land, coasts	regional statistics (not bound)
Africa	tropical forest loss; mining and energy infrastructure	forests, mining	Congo Basin loss¹⁶; desert rain frog uplisted¹²
South Asia	dense population and land use	land, cities	regional statistics (not bound)
East Asia	Framework hosting and dialogue	governance	Kunming-Montreal Framework named for the host city⁴
ASEAN	forest loss rates and reef exposure	forests, reefs	Indonesia and Malaysia kept primary forest loss low in 2025¹⁶; reefs¹⁸
Oceania-Pacific	reefs and island species	reefs, islands	numbat recovery¹²; reef bleaching¹⁸

B.4Habitat card: tropical primary forest

forest
primary
tropical
fire

Systems in view: forests, food, climate, health
Defining events: 2024 record loss and 2025 decline¹⁶
Couplings: FOO → BIO land conversion; CLI → BIO fire; BIO → HLT emergence risk
Capability evidence: enforcement gains in Brazil and national action reported¹⁶
Gaps: degradation versus deforestation definitions; condition of secondary forests
Agenda items: B-01 · B-02

Agricultural expansion remains the leading driver of tree cover loss overall, and fire is used to clear land in several countries [16].

LAND

Conversion

Fire drove 42% of the 25.5 million hectares of global tree cover loss in 2025, and fire-driven loss in the tropics fell 50% from the 2024 record [16] [17].

CLIMATE

Fire

FAO reports gross deforestation and the tree cover loss series reports primary forest loss, so the numbers differ by definition [15] [16].

LEARNING

Two series

B.5How countries appear in the biodiversity edition

Countries enter the biodiversity edition through the nature chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.

Table B.5How countries appear in the biodiversity edition
Card field	What it shows	Source
WEFH+B state	each core system against peer distribution bands	national edition
Couplings	the national dependency matrix	national edition
Risk objects	the national risk portfolio	national edition
Capability rungs	the national capability ladder	national edition
Evidence age	oldest and newest source dates	national source register

Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme

26national

countries and unions

10regional

clusters

16global

flagship and sector

14strategic

systems reports

20frontier

technology reports

How to read a country card

Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist
Couplings and risk objects come from the country’s own national edition
Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions
Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such

Table B.6National Baseline Editions in the 2026 programme
Wave	Countries and unions	State
W0	Canada	ISSUED
W1	United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland	PLANNED
W2	Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Türkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia	PLANNED

B.6Licences

Table B.7Licences of each kind of material
Material	Licence
Text	CC BY 4.0
Data	on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0
Figures	Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited
Maps	boundary source and licence printed on each plate
Metadata	CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it
Third-party data, figures and text	The source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed
Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.

B.7Formats and provenance

Table B.8This edition in every format
Format	Kind	State	What it is	Identifier
Web edition	HTML	On this site	Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.	NR-SECTOR-BIODIVERSITY-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Print edition	PDF	At release	A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.	NR-SECTOR-BIODIVERSITY-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Indicator data	CSV · JSON	On this site	15 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.	NR-SECTOR-BIODIVERSITY-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1
Figures	SVG · PNG	On this site	4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.	FIG-SECTOR-BIODIVERSITY-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-*
Slides	PDF	Not recorded	No slide deck is recorded for this edition.
Evidence brief	HTML · PDF	Not recorded	No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.
Dataset with DOI	DataCite	At release	Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.

Provenance

Edition pack: The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
Evidence cut: DC-SECTOR-BIODIVERSITY-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026
Reproducibility: sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
Self-check: 14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
Review: five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
Publisher of record: The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
Corrections: Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

12IUCN, From desert frog to deep-sea molluscs, remarkable species at risk: IUCN Red List (press release on the 2026-1 update), Gland, 9 July 2026. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Global Report on Collective Progress in the Implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (document CBD/COP/17/INF/7), full report, Montreal, 2026. Observation year 2023 (finance 2020 to 2023; protected area coverage 2025). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
15FAO, Global deforestation slows, but forests remain under pressure (Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025 key findings), Rome, 21 October 2025. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Observation year 2025 (assessment period 1990 to 2025). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
16World Resources Institute, Tropical Rainforest Loss Drops 36% in 2025, but Fires Threaten Global Progress (release with University of Maryland GLAD Lab data), Washington, 29 April 2026. World Resources Institute, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
18NOAA Coral Reef Watch, Current Global Bleaching: Status Update and Data Submission (status page). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park. Observation year 2025 (event from 1 January 2023). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9IPBES, Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on Business and Biodiversity, considered at the twelfth session of the Plenary, Manchester, 2026 (layout edition of 16 June 2026). Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2023 (financial flows). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8IPBES, Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health (Nexus assessment), accepted at the eleventh session of the Plenary, Windhoek. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
1Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, State of Biodiversity Action: Summary and Key Messages of the Global Report on Collective Progress in the Implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Montreal, 2026. Observation year 2026 (national reports of 2026; indicator data to 2025). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13POST-CLOSE, context only: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN, Protected Planet: global coverage of protected areas and OECMs (statistics page, updated November 2026). UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7IPBES, Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, 2019. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2019 (evidence mostly to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
17Global Forest Watch, Global Forest Watch’s 2025 Tree Cover Loss Data Explained (data and methods note), World Resources Institute, Washington, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14United Nations, Treaty Collection, Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (status page; entry into force 17 January 2026). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
33European Commission, Nature Restoration Law (policy page on Regulation (EU) 2024/1991; entry into force 18 August 2024), Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
34European Commission, Regulation on deforestation-free products (policy page; application dates 30 December 2026 and 30 June 2027 after amendment), Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, decision 15/4, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Montreal, December 2022. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

Cite this annex

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Annex B: Data appendix. In Global Biodiversity Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of the World’s Biodiversity and Ecosystems. (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-SECTOR-BIODIVERSITY-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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Data appendix