Readings from the other desks

The biodiversity baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks’ own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.

18 min read0 figures8 tables46 notesNR-SECTOR-BIODIVERSITY-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE

Contents

6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject

Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.

Desk	Edition	State
GCRI Systems Evidence	No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle	Not in this cycle
GRF Public Deliberation	Outside this desk’s remit	Not in remit
GRA Capital Readiness	No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle	Not in this cycle
Standards Progress	No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle	Not in this cycle
Academy Capability	No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle	Not in this cycle
Index Measurement	Outside this desk’s remit	Not in remit

6.2Three lenses

One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.

GCRI · KEY T

Technical Truth

The evidence supports reading biodiversity as the foundation layer of the WEFH+B system. Threat, finance and governance indicators all point down or flat, and heat adds new pressure. Evidence is strongest for species counts, forest area and finance flows, and weakest for ecosystem condition, freshwater and marine trends and indicator coverage.

BIO-001 · FIN-006 · GOV-008 · SYS-012

GRF · KEY M

Public Meaning

For most people nature loss shows up as higher food prices, poorer harvests, smoke and lost places. The baseline asks that public debate treat nature as shared infrastructure for food, health and water, and keep the gap between harmful and protective flows in view.

FOO-011 · FIN-006 · GOV-009

GRA · KEY F

Capital Meaning

Readiness implications only. Flows with negative impacts are far larger than flows for nature, disclosure is thin and finance reported against the Framework is below its goal²⁹. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.

FIN-006 · FIN-007 · MIN-010

NEXUS

Synthesis

Biodiversity is well measured at the level of species counts, forest area and finance flows, and thinly measured at the level of ecosystem condition and indicator coverage. The 2027 programme should bind regional habitat evidence, test the compound season, and map mining overlaps before they become permits.

SYS-012 · B-01 · B-03

6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions

How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for biodiversity. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.

Table 6.1The quarterly rhythm every edition follows
Quarter	Edition	Question	Boundary
Q1	State and Agenda	What matters this year, and what is the starting position?	observed baseline stays distinct from planned work
Q2	Evidence and Build	What new evidence and capability exist?	a configured capability is not a validated result
Q3	Stress Test and Readiness	What do scenarios and tests show?	simulated loss or performance is not observed impact
Q4	Annual Synthesis and Renewal	What changed in the year, and what renews?	release follows review, not event publicity deadlines

Table 6.2Who contributes what each quarter
Steward or body	Role	Contribution route
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada)	Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)	science and practice communities · GCRI gateway
The Global Risks Forum (GRF)	leadership, dialogue and the Universe programme; public meaning (key M)	policy, Universe and national adoption · GRF gateway
The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)	finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)	finance and insurance · GRA gateway
Nexus Standards	preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods	Standards site · working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI
Risk Academy	learning pathways tied to the agenda questions	Academy gateway · learning by review
Reports sector desks	biodiversity chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, GRA readiness, NXS standards, RA capability	sector editorial board

Standards drafts used in this edition

Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary
Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects
Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech

Standards calendar to watch

Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026
Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027
Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition

6.4GCRI reading: the model card

GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology

6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays

Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.

Over half of global gross domestic product is generated in sectors moderately to highly dependent on nature. Treating biodiversity as a conservation budget line understates how it carries risk between systems. This edition asks where a nature shock goes next.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 01

Nature is a coupling, not a topic

Flows with direct negative impacts on nature are estimated at USD 7.3 trillion in a year, and flows for conservation at about USD 220 billion. Reported biodiversity finance of USD 32.7 billion sits on a different basis. Redirecting harmful flows is a measurement task before it is a policy task.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 02

The money points the wrong way

Bleaching reached about 84% of reef area and tipping risks are rising. Extinction risk on land rises with each increment of warming. The Framework and the climate regime need to be read together, not as separate agendas.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 03

Climate is now a biodiversity variable

Fewer than half of reporting Parties considered their national targets on track for any global target. Marine, coastal and inland water ecosystems are less covered in national targets. A shared indicator base comes before any claim of progress.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 04

Measurement is the first adaptation

6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 biodiversity readiness pack

The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.

Table 6.32027 biodiversity readiness pack
Item	Register	State at baseline	First 2027 entry
E1	Biodiversity risk state delta	baseline set by this edition	changes against the baseline
E2	WEFH+B state delta	five global system readings set	indicator updates and freshness
E3	Agenda and Portfolio movement	eight agenda items · 6 proposed objects	admission decisions
E4	Federation delivery register	national chapters in preparation	national chapters
E5	Consortium capability register	national consortia forming	first contributions
E6	Leadership questions and challenges	none yet	first challenge log
E7	Foundry technical state	national environments prepared	first federation cut
E8	Publication candidates	twelve findings carried forward	PUBLISH · HOLD dispositions
E9	Universe readiness	one candidate mission	admission and role spine
E10	Correction register	none	first federation-wide cycle

Publication dispositions

Publish
Hold
Needs evidence
Restricted
Superseded

6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch

Instruments and published guidance that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.

IN FORCE
ADOPTED
PUBLISHED · GUIDANCE
PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY

Table 6.4Standards and regulatory watch
Instrument	Body	Scope	Status	Relevance
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, decision 15/4⁴	Convention on Biological Diversity	global	ADOPTED 2022	targets and goals
Agreement on marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction¹⁴	United Nations	global	IN FORCE 17 JANUARY 2026	high seas
Nature Restoration Regulation³³³⁹	European Union	EU	IN FORCE 18 AUGUST 2024	restoration
Deforestation Regulation, as amended³⁴⁴⁰	European Union	EU	IN FORCE · APPLIES 30 DECEMBER 2026	supply chains
Recommendations of the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures³⁸	TNFD	global	PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY	disclosure
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species⁴⁶	CITES Parties	global	IN FORCE	wildlife trade
Cali Fund for digital sequence information⁶	CBD Parties	global	OPERATING · USD 6,000 RECEIVED BY SEPTEMBER 2026	benefit-sharing

Changed since 2024

The Agreement on marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction entered into force on 17 January 2026¹⁴
The EU amended its Deforestation Regulation: large and medium operators apply from 30 December 2026 and micro and small operators from 30 June 2027³⁴
The first global review of the Framework reached COP17 in Yerevan, and a draft decision of 29 October 2026 followed (post-close, context only)³

To watch in 2027

Final adopted text of the COP17 decision on the global review³
Entry into application of the EU Deforestation Regulation on 30 December 2026³⁴
First disbursement from the Cali Fund, none made by 15 September 2026⁶

6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments

The review behind this edition covers biodiversity assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.

Review protocol

Question: What does the published evidence establish about the world’s biodiversity and ecosystems and its couplings?
Sources searched: assessment reports; convention documents; peer-reviewed literature; statistics and open data
Window: releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026
Selection: sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition
Next step: systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027

Table 6.5Peer-reviewed science and assessments
Reference	Type	Year	Role	Used for
Díaz et al.²⁴	journal article	2019	framework	transformative change
Cardinale et al.²⁵	journal article	2012	context	effects of diversity loss
Ceballos et al.²⁶	journal article	2015	supports	extinction rates
Newbold et al.²⁷	journal article	2016	context	biodiversity intactness
Richardson et al.²³	journal article	2023	supports	planetary boundaries
Sonter et al.²⁸	journal article	2020	supports	mining overlap
Allen et al.²⁹	journal article	2017	context	zoonotic hotspots
Pereira et al.³⁰	journal article	2024	context	trends and scenarios
Leclère et al.³¹	journal article	2020	context	bending the curve

Table 6.6Institutional flagships and global reviews
Reference	Issuer	Year	Role	Used for
Global Assessment SPM⁷	IPBES	2019	supports	state of nature
Nexus assessment SPM⁸	IPBES	2024	supports	interlinkages and flows
Business and Biodiversity SPM⁹	IPBES	2026	supports	business and finance
Pollination assessment SPM¹⁰	IPBES	2016	supports	pollination
Invasive alien species SPM¹¹	IPBES	2023	supports	invasions
Global Biodiversity Outlook 5²¹	CBD Secretariat	2020	context	Aichi review
State of Biodiversity Action¹²	CBD Secretariat	2026	supports	first global review
AR6 Working Group II SPM³²	IPCC	2022	context	extinction risk and warming
Global Tipping Points Report 2025²²	University of Exeter and partners	2025	context	tipping risks

Table 6.7Statistics, area and forest data
Reference	Issuer	Year	Role	Used for
Red List 2026-1 update¹²	IUCN	2026	supports	threatened species
Protected Planet statistics, post-close, context only¹³	UNEP-WCMC and IUCN	2026	context	area coverage
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025¹⁵	FAO	2025	supports	forest area and loss
Tree cover loss release¹⁶¹⁷	WRI and University of Maryland	2026	supports	primary forest loss
Coral Reef Watch¹⁸¹⁹	NOAA	2026	supports	bleaching
Living Planet Report 2024³⁵	WWF and ZSL	2024	context	vertebrate abundance
Global Wetland Outlook⁴²	Ramsar Convention	2025	context	wetland extent
SDG Extended Report 2026, Goal 15⁴³	UN DESA	2026	context	indicator trends
State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024⁴⁵	FAO	2024	context	marine harvest

Table 6.8Law, standards, finance and disclosure
Reference	Issuer	Year	Role	Used for
Kunming-Montreal Framework, decision 15/4⁴	CBD Parties	2022	supports	targets and goals
Draft decision on the global review, post-close, context only³	COP17	2026	context	review text
Agreement on areas beyond national jurisdiction¹⁴	United Nations	2026	supports	high seas
Nature Restoration Regulation³³³⁹	European Union	2024	context	restoration
Deforestation Regulation³⁴⁴⁰	European Union	2023	context	supply chains
ESRS E4⁴¹	European Union	2023	context	disclosure
TNFD Recommendations³⁸	TNFD	2023	context	disclosure
Scaling Up Biodiversity-Positive Incentives³⁷	OECD	2025	context	incentives
State of Finance for Nature 2023³⁶	UNEP	2023	context	finance flows
Dasgupta Review²⁰	HM Treasury	2021	context	economics
Nagoya Protocol⁴⁷	CBD Parties	2010	context	benefit-sharing
The Future of Nature and Business⁴⁸	World Economic Forum	2020	context	business dependence

Where the evidence agrees

Biodiversity indicators show declines over recent decades⁷⁸²¹
Flows with negative impacts on nature far exceed flows for it⁸⁹
The Framework is not on track at the time of the first review¹

Where it is unsettled

How much of the Living Planet Index decline is attributable to each driver⁷³⁵
How fast reefs recover after the 2023 to 2025 event¹⁸¹⁹
How forest loss is counted: the FAO and the tree cover loss series use different definitions¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

2Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Global Report on Collective Progress in the Implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (document CBD/COP/17/INF/7), full report, Montreal, 2026. Observation year 2023 (finance 2020 to 2023; protected area coverage 2025). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9IPBES, Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on Business and Biodiversity, considered at the twelfth session of the Plenary, Manchester, 2026 (layout edition of 16 June 2026). Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2023 (financial flows). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, decision 15/4, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Montreal, December 2022. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14United Nations, Treaty Collection, Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (status page; entry into force 17 January 2026). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
33European Commission, Nature Restoration Law (policy page on Regulation (EU) 2024/1991; entry into force 18 August 2024), Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
39UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2024/1991 of the European Parliament and of the Council on nature restoration, Official Journal of the European Union, 2024; the Official Journal page was not retrievable and the content is taken from the opened Commission policy page [33]. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
34European Commission, Regulation on deforestation-free products (policy page; application dates 30 December 2026 and 30 June 2027 after amendment), Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the making available on the Union market and the export from the Union of certain commodities and products associated with deforestation and forest degradation, Official Journal of the European Union, 2023, as amended; the Official Journal page was not retrievable and the application dates are taken from the opened Commission policy page [34]. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures, Recommendations of the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures, September 2023; the pages returned an access error and no figure is used. TNFD, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
46UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Washington, 1973, cited from memory; no figure is used. CITES Secretariat, Geneva. Observation year 1973. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
6Steering Committee of the Multilateral Mechanism for the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits from the Use of Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources, including the Cali Fund, Report, MMDSI/SC/4/3 and CBD/COP/17/6/Add.1, 15 September 2026 (contributions as at 15 September 2026). Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3POST-CLOSE, context only: Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, draft decision CBD/COP/17/L.15, Global review of collective progress in the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, submitted by the Chair of Working Group I, Yerevan, 29 October 2026 (draft text, not the adopted decision). Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
24Díaz, S. et al., Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change, Science 366(6471), eaax3100, 2019 (abstract read). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
25Cardinale, B.J. et al., Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity, Nature 486, 59 to 67, 2012 (abstract read). Springer Nature. Observation year 2012. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
26Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P.R., Barnosky, A.D., García, A., Pringle, R.M. and Palmer, T.M., Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: entering the sixth mass extinction, Science Advances 1(5), e1400253, 2015 (abstract read). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
27Newbold, T. et al., Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global assessment, Science 353(6296), 288 to 291, 2016 (abstract read). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
23Richardson, K. et al., Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries, Science Advances 9(37), eadh2458, 2023 (open-access full text read). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
28Sonter, L.J., Dade, M.C., Watson, J.E.M. and Valenta, R.K., Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity, Nature Communications 11, 4174, 2020 (open-access abstract read). Springer Nature. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
29Allen, T. et al., Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases, Nature Communications 8, 1124, 2017 (open-access abstract read). Springer Nature. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
30Pereira, H.M. et al., Global trends and scenarios for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem services from 1900 to 2050, Science 384(6694), 458 to 465, 2024 (abstract read). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
31Leclère, D. et al., Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy, Nature 585, 551 to 556, 2020 (abstract read). Springer Nature. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7IPBES, Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, 2019. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2019 (evidence mostly to 2016). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8IPBES, Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health (Nexus assessment), accepted at the eleventh session of the Plenary, Windhoek. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
10IPBES, Summary for Policymakers of the Assessment Report on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production, Bonn, 2016. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2015 (values in 2015 US dollars). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
11IPBES, Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control, Bonn, 2023. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. Observation year 2019 (cost estimate; species records to 2019). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
21Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Global Biodiversity Outlook 5, Montreal, 2020. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
1Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, State of Biodiversity Action: Summary and Key Messages of the Global Report on Collective Progress in the Implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Montreal, 2026. Observation year 2026 (national reports of 2026; indicator data to 2025). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
32IPCC, Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Summary for Policymakers, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report, Geneva, 2022. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
22Global Tipping Points, Global Tipping Points Report 2025 (summary of key messages on the programme page), University of Exeter and partners, Exeter, 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
12IUCN, From desert frog to deep-sea molluscs, remarkable species at risk: IUCN Red List (press release on the 2026-1 update), Gland, 9 July 2026. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13POST-CLOSE, context only: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN, Protected Planet: global coverage of protected areas and OECMs (statistics page, updated November 2026). UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
15FAO, Global deforestation slows, but forests remain under pressure (Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025 key findings), Rome, 21 October 2025. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Observation year 2025 (assessment period 1990 to 2025). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
16World Resources Institute, Tropical Rainforest Loss Drops 36% in 2025, but Fires Threaten Global Progress (release with University of Maryland GLAD Lab data), Washington, 29 April 2026. World Resources Institute, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
17Global Forest Watch, Global Forest Watch’s 2025 Tree Cover Loss Data Explained (data and methods note), World Resources Institute, Washington, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
18NOAA Coral Reef Watch, Current Global Bleaching: Status Update and Data Submission (status page). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park. Observation year 2025 (event from 1 January 2023). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
19NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, World’s Fourth Mass Coral Bleaching Event Likely Ended in 2025 (news release), 2 June 2026. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
35UNVERIFIED, not opened: WWF and Zoological Society of London, Living Planet Report 2024: A System in Peril, Gland and London, 2024; the publisher pages returned an access error, and the headline of a 73% average decline in monitored vertebrate populations from 1970 to 2020 was seen only in search-result summaries and is not used as a figure. WWF, Gland. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Global Wetland Outlook 2025, Gland, 2025; the publisher page returned an access error and no figure is used. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
43UNVERIFIED, not opened: UN DESA Statistics Division, The Sustainable Development Goals Extended Report 2026, Goal 15 storylines (Red List Index); the page was not located and no figure is used. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
45UNVERIFIED, not opened: FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024, Rome, 2024; only the publication listing was reached and no figure is used. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
41UNVERIFIED, not opened: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2772 supplementing Directive 2013/34/EU with sustainability reporting standards, including ESRS E4 on biodiversity and ecosystems, Official Journal of the European Union, 2023, cited from memory; later amendments were not checked and no figure or status claim is made. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
37UNVERIFIED, not opened: OECD, Scaling Up Biodiversity-Positive Incentives: Delivering on Target 18 of the Global Biodiversity Framework, OECD Publishing, Paris, September 2025; the publisher pages returned an access error and no figure is used. OECD, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
36UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP, State of Finance for Nature 2023: The Big Nature Turnaround, Nairobi, 2023; the report pages returned an access error, and the estimate of nearly USD 7 trillion a year in nature-negative flows against about USD 200 billion for nature-based solutions was seen only in search-result summaries and is not used as a figure. UN Environment Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
20Dasgupta, P., The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review, Full Report, HM Treasury, London, 2021. Observation year 2014 (wealth series 1992 to 2014). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
47UNVERIFIED, not opened: Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation, 2010, cited from memory; no figure is used. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
48UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Economic Forum, The Future of Nature and Business, Geneva, 2020; the file could not be retrieved and no figure is used. World Economic Forum, Geneva. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

Cite this chapter

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Chapter 6: Readings from the other desks. In Global Biodiversity Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of the World’s Biodiversity and Ecosystems. (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-SECTOR-BIODIVERSITY-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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