Readings from the other desks
The additive manufacturing baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks’ own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Additive manufacturing is production infrastructure that is still being qualified
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Defence demand outruns part acceptance and supply
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 6.1 The other desks’ editions of this subject
- 6.2 Three lenses
- 6.3 Standards, Academy and steward contributions
- 6.4 GCRI reading: the model card
- 6.5 Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
- 6.6 Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 additive manufacturing readiness pack
- 6.7 Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
- 6.8 Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject
Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.
| Desk | Edition | State | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| GCRI Systems Evidence | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| GRF Public Deliberation | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| GRA Capital Readiness | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| Standards Progress | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Academy Capability | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Index Measurement | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit |
6.2Three lenses
One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.
GCRI · KEY T
Technical Truth
The evidence supports reading additive manufacturing as production infrastructure with open part acceptance questions. Market growth is real but uneven, defence use is rising and the footprint is thinly measured. Evidence is strongest for company results and official counts, and weakest for energy, supply and workforce.
FIN-002 · GOV-007 · HLT-009 · SYS-012
GRF · KEY M
Public Meaning
For most people the story arrives as a headline about printed parts, a printed object or a controversy. The baseline asks that public debate separate market estimates, company claims and official counts, and keep worker safety in view.
FIN-002 · HLT-009
GRA · KEY F
Capital Meaning
Readiness implications only. Growth sits in services, machine makers report losses and one filed for Chapter 11345. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.
FIN-003 · FIN-004
NEXUS
Synthesis
Additive manufacturing is well described by market totals and thinly measured as a system. The 2027 programme should bind part acceptance rates, publish a comparable energy footprint and test the defence demand pathway before orders outrun supply.
SYS-012 · M-01 · M-02
6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions
How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for additive manufacturing. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.
| Quarter | Edition | Question | Boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | State and Agenda | What matters this year, and what is the starting position? | observed baseline stays distinct from planned work |
| Q2 | Evidence and Build | What new evidence and capability exist? | a configured capability is not a validated result |
| Q3 | Stress Test and Readiness | What do scenarios and tests show? | simulated loss or performance is not observed impact |
| Q4 | Annual Synthesis and Renewal | What changed in the year, and what renews? | release follows review, not event publicity deadlines |
| Steward or body | Role | Contribution route |
|---|---|---|
| The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada) | Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T) | science and practice communities · GCRI gateway |
| The Global Risks Forum (GRF) | leadership, dialogue and the Universe programme; public meaning (key M) | policy, Universe and national adoption · GRF gateway |
| The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) | finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F) | finance and insurance · GRA gateway |
| Nexus Standards | preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods | Standards site · working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI |
| Risk Academy | learning pathways tied to the agenda questions | Academy gateway · learning by review |
| Nexus Standards and Academy | technology chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, NXS standards, RA capability | technology editorial board |
Standards drafts used in this edition
- Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary
- Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects
- Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech
Standards calendar to watch
- Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026
- Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027
- Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition
6.4GCRI reading: the model card
GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology
6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.
Additive manufacturing is now a production tool for some parts and a prototype tool for most. The first is slow and qualified; the second is fast and uncertain. Keeping them apart avoids both hype and dismissal.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 01
Production, not novelty
A commercial survey summary, a company release and an official count carry different weight. This edition labels each, and asks for primary reports before market figures are relied on.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 02
Separate market estimates, company claims and counts
Energy, inert gas, powder and worker exposure are rarely counted together. A published footprint would show whether growth is limited by physics, supply or skills.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 03
The footprint is the blind spot
Machines exist. The work is qualifying processes, materials and operators across many sites, and the standards and benchmark programmes are still open.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 04
Part acceptance is the near-term work
6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 additive manufacturing readiness pack
The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.
| Item | Register | State at baseline | First 2027 entry |
|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | Additive manufacturing risk state delta | baseline set by this edition | changes against the baseline |
| E2 | WEFH+B state delta | five global system readings set | indicator updates and freshness |
| E3 | Agenda and Portfolio movement | eight agenda items · 6 proposed objects | admission decisions |
| E4 | Federation delivery register | national chapters in preparation | national chapters |
| E5 | Consortium capability register | national consortia forming | first contributions |
| E6 | Leadership questions and challenges | none yet | first challenge log |
| E7 | Foundry technical state | national environments prepared | first federation cut |
| E8 | Publication candidates | twelve findings carried forward | PUBLISH · HOLD dispositions |
| E9 | Universe readiness | one candidate mission | admission and role spine |
| E10 | Correction register | none | first federation-wide cycle |
Publication dispositions
- Publish
- Hold
- Needs evidence
- Restricted
- Superseded
6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
Instruments and published guidance that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.
- IN FORCE
- PUBLISHED
- DRAFT
- PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY
| Instrument | Body | Scope | Status | Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISO/ASTM 52900 terminology38 | ISO and ASTM | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | terms and definitions |
| ISO/ASTM 52911-1 and 52911-211 | ISO and ASTM | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | design for laser powder bed fusion |
| ISO/ASTM 5292211 | ISO and ASTM | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | design for directed energy deposition |
| Work item on feedstock re-use in metal powder bed fusion11 | ASTM F42 | global | DRAFT | powder re-use and sampling |
| ASTM F42 and ISO/TC 261 committees11 | ASTM and ISO | global | COMMITTEE ACTIVE | standards programme |
| NIST AMS 100-60 reference model13 | NIST | US | PUBLISHED 2024 | activity and data model |
| FDA technical considerations guidance27 | FDA | US | PUBLISHED 2017 | medical devices |
| DoD Instruction 5000.9329 | DoD | US defence | IN FORCE | additive manufacturing policy |
| BIS interim final rule, ECCN 2B9102228 | BIS | US | IN FORCE | export control on metal machines |
| ISO/ASTM 5292039 | ISO and ASTM | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | part acceptance of production sites |
Changed since 2024
6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
The review behind this edition covers additive manufacturing assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.
Review protocol
- Question
- What does the published evidence establish about additive and advanced manufacturing as infrastructure and its couplings?
- Sources searched
- peer-reviewed journals and preprints; government bodies and standards committees; controls and strategies; market and supply analyses
- Window
- releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026
- Selection
- sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition
- Next step
- systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027
| Reference | Type | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baumers, Tuck and Hague14 | conference paper | 2015 | supports | process energy |
| Chen et al.15 | preprint | 2024 | supports | in-situ monitoring |
| Bhagat and Rudraraju16 | preprint | 2022 | context | melt pool physics |
| Hong, Cho and Cho17 | preprint | 2026 | context | process control, simulation only |
| Baumers and Ozcan18 | preprint | 2016 | context | digital manufacturing |
| DebRoy et al.41 | journal article | 2018 | framework | metal processes |
| Herzog et al.42 | journal article | 2016 | framework | metal microstructure |
| Gebler et al.40 | journal article | 2014 | context | sustainability |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NIST AM-Bench12 | NIST | 2025 | supports | benchmark data |
| NIST AMS 100-6013 | NIST | 2024 | supports | reference model |
| DoD strategy page10 | DoD | 2021 | supports | direction |
| NAVSUP release7 | US Navy | 2026 | supports | parts counts |
| Maritime industrial base release8 | US Navy | 2025 | context | workforce need |
| NIOSH page19 | NIOSH | 2026 | supports | hazards |
| SIPRI paper21 | SIPRI | 2017 | context | controls |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NIST standards page11 | NIST | 2026 | supports | committees and work items |
| ISO/ASTM 5290038 | ISO and ASTM | 2021 | framework | terminology |
| ISO/ASTM 5292039 | ISO and ASTM | 2023 | context | part acceptance of sites |
| FDA guidance27 | FDA | 2017 | context | medical devices |
| BIS interim final rule28 | BIS | 2024 | context | metal machine controls |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wohlers Report trade summaries12 | trade press | 2025 to 2026 | supports | market size |
| Stratasys release3 | company | 2026 | supports | machine-maker results |
| 3D Systems release4 | company | 2026 | supports | machine-maker results |
| Nano Dimension filing5 | company | 2026 | supports | consolidation |
| AML3D announcement9 | company | 2026 | context | vendor claim |
| Powder supply commentary33 | supplier blog | 2025 | context | powder |
| Salary survey34 | recruiter | 2026 | context | workforce |
Where the evidence agrees
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 3Stratasys Ltd. (ed.), Stratasys releases fourth quarter and full year 2025 financial results (company release, 5 March 2026; revenue USD 551.1 million against USD 572.5 million in 2024; GAAP net loss USD 104.3 million). Stratasys, Rehovot and Eden Prairie. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 43D Systems Corporation (ed.), 3D Systems reports fourth quarter and full year 2025 financial results (company release, 9 March 2026; revenue USD 386.9 million, down 12%; Healthcare Solutions USD 179.6 million; Industrial Solutions USD 207.3 million). 3D Systems, Rock Hill. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5Nano Dimension Ltd. (ed.), Annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended 31 December 2025 (first 100,000 characters read; Desktop Metal Chapter 11 filing on 28 July 2025; Markforged acquisition closed 25 April 2025; revenue tables not read). Nano Dimension, Waltham. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and ASTM International (eds.), ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, Additive manufacturing, general principles, fundamentals and vocabulary, cited from memory. ISO, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 11NIST (ed.), Additive manufacturing standards (program page, updated 6 August 2026; ASTM F42, ISO/TC 261; ISO/ASTM 52911-1 and 52911-2 of 2019; ISO/ASTM 52922; work items WK72938, WK75184, WK78224, WK83109 in development). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 13Gibbons, D.W. and Witherell, P.W., A reference activity model for additive manufacturing: powder bed fusion, NIST AMS 100-60, July 2024 (front matter and abstract read). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 27UNVERIFIED, not opened: Food and Drug Administration (ed.), Technical considerations for additive manufactured medical devices, guidance of 5 December 2017, taken from a search summary; the agency pages returned access errors. FDA, Silver Spring. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 29UNVERIFIED, not opened: Department of Defense (ed.), DoD Instruction 5000.93, Use of additive manufacturing in the DoD, 10 June 2021, taken from a search summary. DoD, Washington. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 223DPrint.com (ed.), US Department of Commerce issues new export controls on metal additive manufacturing (trade article, 18 September 2024; interim final rule; ECCN 2B910; comments due 5 November 2024; author analysis on scope; secondary source, weak evidence). 3DPrint.com, Chicago. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 28UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bureau of Industry and Security (ed.), interim final rule on export controls for metal additive manufacturing equipment, ECCN 2B910, September 2024, known from a trade article only; the Federal Register text was not read. BIS, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and ASTM International (eds.), ISO/ASTM 52920, Additive manufacturing, part acceptance principles, requirements for industrial additive manufacturing sites, cited from memory. ISO, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 26UNVERIFIED, not opened: USNI News (ed.), The Navy’s big 3-D printing bet (feature, 23 June 2026; taken from a search summary; the page returned an access error). US Naval Institute, Annapolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 7Jones, M. (NAVSUP Weapon Systems Support), Shattering bottlenecks: NAVSUP WSS partners with DLA and NAVSEA on submarine advanced manufacturing (official release via the Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, 30 June 2026; nearly 120 additive parts in development, 20 installed, more than 1,400 cumulative days of delay removed, lead times cut by up to 70% for some components; not independently audited). US Navy, Mechanicsburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 14Baumers, M., Tuck, C. and Hague, R., Selective heat sintering versus laser sintering: comparison of deposition rate, process energy consumption and cost performance, Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium proceedings, University of Texas at Austin (full text read; the year is inferred from the cited 2015 sources). Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 15Chen, L. et al., In-situ process monitoring and adaptive quality enhancement in laser additive manufacturing: a critical review, arXiv:2404.13673, submitted 21 April 2024 (abstract page read; accepted to the Journal of Manufacturing Systems). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16Bhagat, K. and Rudraraju, S., A numerical investigation of dimensionless numbers characterising meltpool morphology of the laser powder bed fusion process, arXiv:2211.06312, submitted 11 November 2022 (abstract page read; simulation study). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 17Hong, G., Cho, J. and Cho, H., Neuro-symbolic closed-loop control of laser powder bed fusion with an in-loop ontology, arXiv:2608.05773, submitted 6 August 2026 (abstract page read; preprint, simulation only, not peer reviewed). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 18Baumers, M. and Ozcan, E., Scope for machine learning in digital manufacturing, arXiv:1609.05835, submitted 19 September 2016 (abstract page read; position paper with no figures). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: DebRoy, T. et al., Additive manufacturing of metallic components: process, structure and properties, Progress in Materials Science 92, 112 to 224, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Herzog, D. et al., Additive manufacturing of metals, Acta Materialia 117, 371 to 392, 2016, cited from memory. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gebler, M., Schoot Uiterkamp, A.J.M. and Visser, C., A global sustainability perspective on 3D printing technologies, Energy Policy 74, 158 to 167, 2014, cited from memory. Observation year 2014. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 12NIST (ed.), AM-Bench (program page; 2025 benchmarks 8 metal and 1 polymer sets; 85 challenge submissions; conference November 2025; AM Bench 2028 in planning). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10OSD ManTech Program Office (ed.), DoD additive manufacturing strategy (article page of the Defense Systems Information Analysis Center dated 1 March 2021; strategy released January 2021 by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering; the page lists no figures; the strategy document itself was not opened). Defense Systems Information Analysis Center, Belcamp. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 8Maritime Industrial Base Program (ed.), Maritime Industrial Base Program highlights workforce mission at Virginia Tech (official release via the Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, event 18 September 2025; need for 250,000 skilled workers over a decade; Columbia-class and Virginia-class output goals for 2028). US Navy, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 19NIOSH (ed.), Additive manufacturing (manufacturing sector page, dated 16 July 2026; hazards named: inhalation of powders, skin contact, fire and explosion, mechanical and ergonomic injury). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 21Brockmann, K. and Bauer, S., 3D printing and missile technology controls, SIPRI Background Paper, November 2017 (summary page read; machines, feedstock and digital build files). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Stockholm. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 1Voulpiotis, F. (3Dnatives), Wohlers Report 2025: 9.1% growth for the global additive manufacturing market (trade article, 14 April 2025; weak evidence: a trade summary of a commercial report; reports 2024 market about USD 21.9 billion, machine sales down about 26%, services 47% of revenue). 3Dnatives, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2Voulpiotis, F. (3Dnatives), Wohlers Report 2026: growth continues, but caution defines the AM market (trade article, 17 February 2026; weak evidence: a trade summary of a commercial report; reports 2025 revenue USD 24.231 billion, up 10.9%, services up 15.5% with 48% share, machine sales up 3.6%, Asia-Pacific up 19.8%, Europe and the Americas up 9%). 3Dnatives, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 9AML3D Limited (ed.), AML3D signs initial production parts order for US Navy submarines (ASX release, 17 September 2026; about AU$0.5 million; three copper-nickel components; 16 systems deployed; company forecast of up to 100 systems and 1,600 components by 2030 attributed to Navy forecasts; vendor announcement, weak evidence). AML3D, Adelaide. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: Continuum Powders (ed.), blog on powder supply bottlenecks for advanced manufacturing, October 2025, taken from a search summary; supplier commentary, weak evidence. Continuum Powders, Houston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: Alexander Daniels Global (ed.), 2026 AM Salary Survey, 10th edition, taken from a search summary of a trade article. Alexander Daniels Global, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 20American Industrial Hygiene Association (ed.), NIOSH evaluates metals exposures at manufacturing facility (news item, 11 September 2025, on a NIOSH health hazard evaluation dated February 2025 with visits in March and May 2023; secondary summary, the evaluation itself was not opened). AIHA, Falls Church. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 24UNVERIFIED, not opened: Wohlers Associates and ASTM International (eds.), Wohlers Report 2026 (released 17 February 2026; segment shares of 48%, 26%, 20% and 6% taken from search-result summaries; the publisher page returned an access error). Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 25UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (July 2026; export controls and price moves for tungsten and other minerals, taken from search-result summaries that differ on some details; no figure used in copy). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back