Draft, not yet released. In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.

References and record

Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.

14 min read0 figures1 table0 notesNR-XTECH-MANUFACTURING-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE

Contents
  1. ·Edition home
  2. ·Executive summary
  3. 1Additive manufacturing is production infrastructure that is still being qualified
  4. 2Key findings
  5. 3Systems and sectors at baseline
  6. 4Risks and capability
  7. 5Defence demand outruns part acceptance and supply
  8. 6Readings from the other desks
  9. 7The 2027 agenda
  10. 8Systems in depth
  11. AMethodology
  12. BData appendix
  13. CReferences and record
    1. C.1 42 sources
    2. C.2 Publication record
    3. C.3 Corrections log
    4. C.4 Open record
    5. C.5 Where this edition sits among the six pillars
  14. ·Complete edition, for print

C.142 sources

NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a UNI once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).

  1. 1Voulpiotis, F. (3Dnatives), Wohlers Report 2025: 9.1% growth for the global additive manufacturing market (trade article, 14 April 2025; weak evidence: a trade summary of a commercial report; reports 2024 market about USD 21.9 billion, machine sales down about 26%, services 47% of revenue). 3Dnatives, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6
  2. 2Voulpiotis, F. (3Dnatives), Wohlers Report 2026: growth continues, but caution defines the AM market (trade article, 17 February 2026; weak evidence: a trade summary of a commercial report; reports 2025 revenue USD 24.231 billion, up 10.9%, services up 15.5% with 48% share, machine sales up 3.6%, Asia-Pacific up 19.8%, Europe and the Americas up 9%). 3Dnatives, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
  3. 3Stratasys Ltd. (ed.), Stratasys releases fourth quarter and full year 2025 financial results (company release, 5 March 2026; revenue USD 551.1 million against USD 572.5 million in 2024; GAAP net loss USD 104.3 million). Stratasys, Rehovot and Eden Prairie. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  4. 43D Systems Corporation (ed.), 3D Systems reports fourth quarter and full year 2025 financial results (company release, 9 March 2026; revenue USD 386.9 million, down 12%; Healthcare Solutions USD 179.6 million; Industrial Solutions USD 207.3 million). 3D Systems, Rock Hill. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  5. 5Nano Dimension Ltd. (ed.), Annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended 31 December 2025 (first 100,000 characters read; Desktop Metal Chapter 11 filing on 28 July 2025; Markforged acquisition closed 25 April 2025; revenue tables not read). Nano Dimension, Waltham. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
  6. 6GE Aerospace (ed.), Manufacturing milestone: 30,000 additive fuel nozzles (company article, 4 October 2018; Auburn, Alabama; one piece replacing about 20; about 25% lighter; more than 40 printers; vendor announcement, weak evidence). GE Aerospace, Evendale. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 8
  7. 7Jones, M. (NAVSUP Weapon Systems Support), Shattering bottlenecks: NAVSUP WSS partners with DLA and NAVSEA on submarine advanced manufacturing (official release via the Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, 30 June 2026; nearly 120 additive parts in development, 20 installed, more than 1,400 cumulative days of delay removed, lead times cut by up to 70% for some components; not independently audited). US Navy, Mechanicsburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
  8. 8Maritime Industrial Base Program (ed.), Maritime Industrial Base Program highlights workforce mission at Virginia Tech (official release via the Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, event 18 September 2025; need for 250,000 skilled workers over a decade; Columbia-class and Virginia-class output goals for 2028). US Navy, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  9. 9AML3D Limited (ed.), AML3D signs initial production parts order for US Navy submarines (ASX release, 17 September 2026; about AU$0.5 million; three copper-nickel components; 16 systems deployed; company forecast of up to 100 systems and 1,600 components by 2030 attributed to Navy forecasts; vendor announcement, weak evidence). AML3D, Adelaide. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
  10. 10OSD ManTech Program Office (ed.), DoD additive manufacturing strategy (article page of the Defense Systems Information Analysis Center dated 1 March 2021; strategy released January 2021 by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering; the page lists no figures; the strategy document itself was not opened). Defense Systems Information Analysis Center, Belcamp. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  11. 11NIST (ed.), Additive manufacturing standards (program page, updated 6 August 2026; ASTM F42, ISO/TC 261; ISO/ASTM 52911-1 and 52911-2 of 2019; ISO/ASTM 52922; work items WK72938, WK75184, WK78224, WK83109 in development). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  12. 12NIST (ed.), AM-Bench (program page; 2025 benchmarks 8 metal and 1 polymer sets; 85 challenge submissions; conference November 2025; AM Bench 2028 in planning). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  13. 13Gibbons, D.W. and Witherell, P.W., A reference activity model for additive manufacturing: powder bed fusion, NIST AMS 100-60, July 2024 (front matter and abstract read). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
  14. 14Baumers, M., Tuck, C. and Hague, R., Selective heat sintering versus laser sintering: comparison of deposition rate, process energy consumption and cost performance, Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium proceedings, University of Texas at Austin (full text read; the year is inferred from the cited 2015 sources). Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
  15. 15Chen, L. et al., In-situ process monitoring and adaptive quality enhancement in laser additive manufacturing: a critical review, arXiv:2404.13673, submitted 21 April 2024 (abstract page read; accepted to the Journal of Manufacturing Systems). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  16. 16Bhagat, K. and Rudraraju, S., A numerical investigation of dimensionless numbers characterising meltpool morphology of the laser powder bed fusion process, arXiv:2211.06312, submitted 11 November 2022 (abstract page read; simulation study). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  17. 17Hong, G., Cho, J. and Cho, H., Neuro-symbolic closed-loop control of laser powder bed fusion with an in-loop ontology, arXiv:2608.05773, submitted 6 August 2026 (abstract page read; preprint, simulation only, not peer reviewed). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
  18. 18Baumers, M. and Ozcan, E., Scope for machine learning in digital manufacturing, arXiv:1609.05835, submitted 19 September 2016 (abstract page read; position paper with no figures). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  19. 19NIOSH (ed.), Additive manufacturing (manufacturing sector page, dated 16 July 2026; hazards named: inhalation of powders, skin contact, fire and explosion, mechanical and ergonomic injury). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  20. 20American Industrial Hygiene Association (ed.), NIOSH evaluates metals exposures at manufacturing facility (news item, 11 September 2025, on a NIOSH health hazard evaluation dated February 2025 with visits in March and May 2023; secondary summary, the evaluation itself was not opened). AIHA, Falls Church. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  21. 21Brockmann, K. and Bauer, S., 3D printing and missile technology controls, SIPRI Background Paper, November 2017 (summary page read; machines, feedstock and digital build files). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Stockholm. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  22. 223DPrint.com (ed.), US Department of Commerce issues new export controls on metal additive manufacturing (trade article, 18 September 2024; interim final rule; ECCN 2B910; comments due 5 November 2024; author analysis on scope; secondary source, weak evidence). 3DPrint.com, Chicago. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8
  23. 23UNVERIFIED, not opened: Wohlers Associates and ASTM International (eds.), Wohlers Report 2025, 30th edition (market size and growth as given in trade summaries; the publisher page returned an access error). Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.
  24. 24UNVERIFIED, not opened: Wohlers Associates and ASTM International (eds.), Wohlers Report 2026 (released 17 February 2026; segment shares of 48%, 26%, 20% and 6% taken from search-result summaries; the publisher page returned an access error). Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  25. 25UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (July 2026; export controls and price moves for tungsten and other minerals, taken from search-result summaries that differ on some details; no figure used in copy). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  26. 26UNVERIFIED, not opened: USNI News (ed.), The Navy’s big 3-D printing bet (feature, 23 June 2026; taken from a search summary; the page returned an access error). US Naval Institute, Annapolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  27. 27UNVERIFIED, not opened: Food and Drug Administration (ed.), Technical considerations for additive manufactured medical devices, guidance of 5 December 2017, taken from a search summary; the agency pages returned access errors. FDA, Silver Spring. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  28. 28UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bureau of Industry and Security (ed.), interim final rule on export controls for metal additive manufacturing equipment, ECCN 2B910, September 2024, known from a trade article only; the Federal Register text was not read. BIS, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  29. 29UNVERIFIED, not opened: Department of Defense (ed.), DoD Instruction 5000.93, Use of additive manufacturing in the DoD, 10 June 2021, taken from a search summary. DoD, Washington. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  30. 30UNVERIFIED, not opened: Metal Additive Manufacturing (ed.), GE Aerospace annual report highlights slow adoption of AM and the importance of Colibrium Additive (trade article on a 2024 impairment charge; the page returned an access error; no figure used). Inovar Communications, Shrewsbury. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.
  31. 31UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kota, N. et al., energy model for powder bed fusion and specific energy consumption benchmarks, Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, September 2024, taken from a search summary; the page returned an access error. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.
  32. 32UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gee, S. and Hart, A.J., specific energy consumption of laser powder bed fusion of AlSi10Mg (reported 20.3 to 30.5 MJ/kg), conference paper, 2024, taken from a search summary. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.
  33. 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: Continuum Powders (ed.), blog on powder supply bottlenecks for advanced manufacturing, October 2025, taken from a search summary; supplier commentary, weak evidence. Continuum Powders, Houston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  34. 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: Alexander Daniels Global (ed.), 2026 AM Salary Survey, 10th edition, taken from a search summary of a trade article. Alexander Daniels Global, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  35. 35UNVERIFIED, not opened: PostProcess Technologies (ed.), 2026 additive post-processing survey, taken from a search summary of a trade article; vendor survey, weak evidence. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.
  36. 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kirchain, R., Moore, E. and Field, F., occupation and skills demand in the 3D and additive manufacturing industry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2022, taken from a search summary. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.
  37. 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China and National Bureau of Statistics (eds.), additive manufacturing equipment output, 2025, taken from secondary reports that disagree; no figure used. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.
  38. 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and ASTM International (eds.), ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, Additive manufacturing, general principles, fundamentals and vocabulary, cited from memory. ISO, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  39. 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and ASTM International (eds.), ISO/ASTM 52920, Additive manufacturing, part acceptance principles, requirements for industrial additive manufacturing sites, cited from memory. ISO, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  40. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gebler, M., Schoot Uiterkamp, A.J.M. and Visser, C., A global sustainability perspective on 3D printing technologies, Energy Policy 74, 158 to 167, 2014, cited from memory. Observation year 2014. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  41. 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: DebRoy, T. et al., Additive manufacturing of metallic components: process, structure and properties, Progress in Materials Science 92, 112 to 224, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
  42. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Herzog, D. et al., Additive manufacturing of metals, Acta Materialia 117, 371 to 392, 2016, cited from memory. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6

C.2Publication record

Publication

Title
Exponential Technology Report 2026: Additive and Advanced Manufacturing, Baseline Edition
Series
Reports · Exponential Technology Series XT-13
Edition
Baseline Edition 2026 · inaugural annual
Version
v1.0.0 · draft for stewardship review
Publication ID
NR-XTECH-MANUFACTURING-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Evidence close
30 September 2026
Publication date
October 2026
DOI
concept and version DOI at deposit

Publisher

Publisher of record
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium
Place
Toronto
Editor
Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor
Stewards
GCRI · technical truth · the Global Risks Forum (GRF) · public meaning · the Global Risks Alliance (GRA) · capital meaning
Licence
text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source
Copyright
© 2026 GCRI · Nexus Consortium
Language
English (en-GB) source edition
Correspondence
Registry correction pathway · editorial office

Colophon

Format
A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF
Typefaces
Space Grotesk (display) · Geist (text) · IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) · IBM Plex Mono (data)
Design standard
Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII
Accessibility
tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure
Production
Reports editorial team, GCRI

Release path for this version

Table C.1Release path for this version
StepWhat happensWhen
Drafteditorial self-check complete at evidence closeOctober 2026
Steward reviewfive passes on the exact draft (keys T · M · F · N)Q4 2026
Approvalpublication authority approves the exact digestbefore release
Depositconcept and version DOI minted; registry pointer setat release
Successionthe 2027 additive manufacturing edition reports changes against this baseline2027
Current version
v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review
Previous edition
none, first edition of the series
Next edition
NR-XTECH-MANUFACTURING-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0
Latest version
resolve the concept DOI or the registry record
Correction route
Registry correction pathway
Notice types
erratum · addendum · supersession · withdrawal

C.3Corrections log

0correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition’s current version.

EditionVersionDateStateChangeNotice
XT-13NR-XTECH-MANUFACTURING-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0October 2026DraftBaseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,None

Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.

C.4Open record

This edition’s open record

Publication ID
NR-XTECH-MANUFACTURING-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Desk identifier and series alias
NR-XTC-XT-13-2026-BL
Collection
None
DOI
Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata
Versions
Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest
Bundle
RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest
Licence
CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0

Credit and identity

ORCID
Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
ROR
Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone
CRediT
Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing
Account
None needed to contribute; never a password

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C.5Where this edition sits among the six pillars

Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.

  1. F03 Sealed observations and indicator series Foundry Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).
  2. F04 After-action and scenario findings for Universe After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).
  3. F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter Foundry National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).
  4. Applied in editions Standards Nexus Standards: applied in editions.
  5. XT-13 edition Reports Additive and Advanced Manufacturing 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.
  6. F06 Method and correction findings as change Standards Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).
  7. F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year Universe Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).
  8. Taught in the open Academy Risk Academy: taught in the open.

What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; XT-13 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.

HandoffBetweenWhat crosses, and when
F03Foundry to ReportsSealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).
F04Universe to ReportsAfter-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).
F05Foundry to ReportsNational Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).
RingNexus Standards to ReportsNexus Standards: applied in editions.
F06Reports to Nexus StandardsMethod and correction findings as change proposals (correction).
F12Reports to UniverseQ4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).
RingReports to Risk AcademyRisk Academy: taught in the open.

Cite this annex

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Annex C: References and record. In Exponential Technology Report 2026: Additive and Advanced Manufacturing (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-XTECH-MANUFACTURING-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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