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GCRI · Quantentechnologien

Quantencomputing

Quantum computers use qubits that can be in superpositions and become entangled, which in principle lets some problems be solved far faster than on classical computers. Current machines are noisy and small, and useful fault-tolerant computing requires error correction that is only beginning to be demonstrated. This page sets out how quantum computers work and fail, how progress is measured honestly, and what evidence serves the institutions deciding how to engage.

01Registrieren

Quantum computing on the record.

02Die Frage

Quantum computing: how the risk develops.

Hardware, algorithms and actual maturity. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mechanismus

Qubits are fragile

Qubits lose their quantum state through interaction with their environment. Gate errors and decoherence limit how long a computation can run before results become noise.

Mechanismus

Error correction needs overhead

Fault-tolerant computing encodes each logical qubit in many physical qubits and corrects errors continuously. It only helps once physical error rates fall below a threshold.

Mechanismus

Advantage is problem-specific

Quantum algorithms speed up particular problems, such as simulating quantum Systeme or factoring. For many tasks classical computers remain as good or better.

Mechanismus

Claims need classical comparison

Demonstrations of quantum advantage are often followed by improved classical methods. Honest comparison requires the best classical approach, not a convenient one.

03Monitoring

Quantum testbed.

Die Ansicht, die ein Team nutzen würde, um dieses Thema zu verfolgen: seine Messgrößen, Zustände und Entscheidungen. Namen sind Beispiele, Werte sind illustrativ.

Quantum testbed

Quantum computing · Testbed lab · Device QD-28

Calibration cycleGCRI · Quantentechnologien

Qubits

Q0121490.03Drifting
Q1118240.03Drifting
Q294410.03Drifting
Q373930.05Drifting
Q450480.02Drifting

Device

Topology
heavy-hex, illustrative
2Q fidelity
0.994
Zugang
by committee
Kennzeichnung
BEOBACHTET
Quantum testbed: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantum computing.Beispielnamen und beispielhafte Werte; ein Entwurf, kein Eintrag und kein Live-System.
04Domänenübergreifend

Quantum computing matters to the domains through simulation and through cryptography.

05Methoden und Evidenz

How quantum computing is modelled, measured and tested.

Das Modell, seine Annahmen, seine Daten und seine Unsicherheit in der Form, in der eine Wissenschaftlerin oder ein Ingenieur sie prüfen würde. Die Strukturen folgen veröffentlichten Methoden. Die dargestellten Werte sind illustrativ, keine Befunde.

Systemmodell

The couplings between the systems in quantum computing: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+QuantenCyberGemeinschaftenWirtschaftR verstärkendB ausgleichend
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR-Leitprinzipien · GO FAIR und FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumHinweise zur einheitlichen Behandlung von Unsicherheiten · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
06Indikatoren

Was gemessen wird und wie gut.

Jeder Indikator trägt seine Einheit, seinen Rhythmus, die Art der zugrunde liegenden Quelle und die Evidenzkennzeichnung, die ein Wert tragen würde. Es werden keine Werte gezeigt: Ein Programm liefert sie unter seiner eigenen Autorität.

IndikatorEinheitTaktQuellentypKennzeichnung
Physical qubit countqubitsper announcementPublished device resultsBERICHTET
Two-qubit gate fidelitypercentper deviceBenchmark resultsBERICHTET
Logical qubit error rateerrors per logical operationper experimentPeer-reviewed experimentsBEOBACHTET
Coherence timemicrosecondsper deviceDevice characterisationBERICHTET
Quantum volume or similar holistic benchmarkbenchmark scoreper devicePublished benchmarksBERICHTET
Demonstrations surviving classical challengeAnzahlje PrüfungLiterature reviewGESCHÄTZT
07Quellen

Woher die Evidenz stammt.

Benannte öffentliche Datensätze und institutionelle Aufzeichnungen, jeweils mit ihrer Lizenzklasse. Quellen auf Vereinbarungsbasis werden nur zu ihren Bedingungen genutzt und niemals weiterveröffentlicht.

QuelleWas es liefertLizenzklasse
arXiv quant-ph and peer-reviewed journalsPrimary experimental and theoretical resultsOpen access preprints; journal licence per article
Metriq benchmark platform (Unitary Foundation)Community-submitted quantum benchmark resultsOpen, licence to check
Vendor technical documentation and roadmapsDevice specifications and stated targetsPublic documents, terms per vendor
National academies and agency assessments of quantum computingIndependent assessments of progress and prospectsPublic, terms per publisher
QED-C reportsIndustry consortium analyses of use cases and benchmarksPublic reports, terms to check
08Entscheidungen

Wer entscheidet und wozu die Evidenz dient.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Wer entscheidetDie FrageEvidenz, der diese Seite dient
Research funders and science ministriesHow much to invest in quantum computing research and accessProgress summaries; independent assessments
Organisations exploring quantum useWhether a problem is a plausible quantum use caseUse case assessments with classical baselines
Security agenciesHow progress affects cryptographic migration timelinesError correction and scale evidence

Ergebnisse, die dieses Thema hervorbringt

  • Progress summaries that separate peer-reviewed results from roadmaps
  • Benchmark interpretation guides
  • Use case assessments with classical baselines
  • Evidence notes for research funders
09Kernfragen

Was Fachleute fragen.

The central question is what has been demonstrated, not what has been promised.

  • How many qubits does a device have, and how good are they: what are their error rates and coherence times?
  • Can errors be corrected faster than they accumulate, and at what cost in physical qubits per logical qubit?
  • Which algorithms offer a demonstrated advantage over the best classical methods, and for which problems?
  • Are claims of quantum advantage robust to improved classical algorithms?
  • Which hardware approaches are likely to scale, and what limits them?
10Mechanismen

Mechanismen und Treiber.

Quantum computers gain their power from interference: algorithms are designed so that wrong answers cancel and right answers reinforce. That power is fragile. Qubits lose their quantum state through interaction with the environment, and every operation introduces some error. Quantum error correction encodes one reliable logical qubit in many physical qubits, but only works if physical error rates are below a threshold, and it multiplies the hardware required.

Known algorithms with large demonstrated speed-ups are few. Factoring and discrete logarithms, which underpin public-key cryptography, are the best-known examples; simulation of quantum Systeme in chemistry and physics is another. For many optimisation and machine-learning problems, a practical advantage has not been established, and improved classical algorithms have repeatedly narrowed claimed gaps.

11Methoden und Daten

Wie es untersucht wird und wo die Methoden enden.

Methode oder DatenWas es zeigtGrenzen
Benchmarking of gate fidelity and coherenceQuality of physical qubitsBenchmarks can be chosen to flatter a device
Error-correction experimentsWhether logical qubits outperform physical onesEarly demonstrations are small and short-lived
Algorithm complexity analysisTheoretical speed-up and resource estimatesResource estimates depend on hardware assumptions
Classical simulation and verificationWhether results could be reproduced classicallyVerification becomes harder as devices grow
Peer-reviewed literature versus announcementsWhat has been independently assessedAnnouncements often precede, or replace, peer review
12Methoden

Wie es untersucht wird und was die Methoden nicht sagen können.

  1. Physik und QuantenwissenschaftCharakterisierung von Qubit-Rauschen · Metrologie von Quantenuhren · Verifizierung von QuanteneffektenHier angewandt
  2. Quantencomputing, -sensorik und -kommunikationVergleichbares Benchmarking · Bewertung des Technologiereifegrads · Verfolgung sicherheitsrelevanter AuswirkungenHier angewandt
  3. Wahrscheinlichkeit und StatistikSchätzung der Fidelität · Prüfung von Vorteilsbehauptungen · Analyse von Patent- und InvestitionsdatenHier angewandt
13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Die Gremien und Dokumente, vor deren Hintergrund diese Seite gelesen wird. Status und Ausgaben ändern sich; jeder Link führt zur herausgebenden Stelle.

14Fragen

Fragen und Antworten.

Was ist ein Qubit?
The basic unit of quantum information, a two-level quantum system that can be in a superposition of states and become entangled with other qubits.
What is quantum advantage?
A demonstration that a quantum computer solves a specific task faster or better than the best known classical method. Claims are often challenged by improved classical methods.
What is fault-tolerant quantum computing?
Computing that uses quantum error correction so that long calculations can run reliably despite errors in physical qubits.
Why does qubit count alone mislead?
Because quality matters as much as quantity. Many noisy qubits may be less useful than fewer high-fidelity ones, and practical applications require error-corrected logical qubits.
Does the platform predict when large quantum computers will arrive?
No. Timelines are uncertain, and the platform reports expert views as ranges with their assumptions rather than as dates.
BerichteBeitragen

Evidenz von dieser Seite aus beitragen.

Berichte is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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Quantentechnologien

Bringen Sie eine Methode, einen Datensatz oder eine Frage mit.

Information und Anfragen sind heute offen. Eine Anfrage erhält ein Aktenzeichen und nennt den nächsten Schritt; Bewerbungen, Zahlungen, Rechenzuteilungen und Registrierungen öffnen erst, wenn Team, Bedingungen und Prüfkapazität bestehen.