GCRI · Tecnologías cuánticas
Computación cuántica
Quantum computers use qubits that can be in superpositions and become entangled, which in principle lets some problems be solved far faster than on classical computers. Current machines are noisy and small, and useful fault-tolerant computing requires error correction that is only beginning to be demonstrated. This page sets out how quantum computers work and fail, how progress is measured honestly, and what evidence serves the institutions deciding how to engage.
Quantum computing on the record.
Quantum computing: how the risk develops.
Hardware, algorithms and actual maturity. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Qubits are fragile
Qubits lose their quantum state through interaction with their environment. Gate errors and decoherence limit how long a computation can run before results become noise.
Error correction needs overhead
Fault-tolerant computing encodes each logical qubit in many physical qubits and corrects errors continuously. It only helps once physical error rates fall below a threshold.
Advantage is problem-specific
Quantum algorithms speed up particular problems, such as simulating quantum sistemas or factoring. For many tasks classical computers remain as good or better.
Claims need classical comparison
Demonstrations of quantum advantage are often followed by improved classical methods. Honest comparison requires the best classical approach, not a convenient one.
Quantum testbed.
La pantalla que utilizaría un equipo para seguir esta materia: sus mediciones, estados y decisiones. Los nombres son ejemplos y los valores son ilustrativos.
Quantum testbed
Quantum computing · Testbed lab · Device QD-28
Cúbits
| Q0 | 121 | 49 | 0.03 | Drifting |
| Q1 | 118 | 24 | 0.03 | Drifting |
| Q2 | 94 | 41 | 0.03 | Drifting |
| Q3 | 73 | 93 | 0.05 | Drifting |
| Q4 | 50 | 48 | 0.02 | Drifting |
Device
- Topology
- heavy-hex, illustrative
- 2Q fidelity
- 0.994
- Acceso
- by committee
- Etiqueta
- OBSERVADO
Quantum computing matters to the domains through simulation and through cryptography.
- EnergíaAcoplamientoSimulation of battery and catalyst chemistry is a proposed early use.What to watchDemonstrated against classical baselines
- SaludAcoplamientoFuture cryptanalysis threatens long-lived health data.What to watchMigration of health systems
- AlimentaciónAcoplamientoFertiliser catalysis is often cited as a target problem.What to watchClaims separated from results
Status reviews are designed for the serie Exponential Technology, separating demonstrations from roadmaps. No date for a ordenador cuántico criptográficamente relevante se presenta como conocida.
- Peer-reviewed results with classical comparisons.
- Corrections to over-stated claims.
How quantum computing is modelled, measured and tested.
El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.
Modelo de sistema
The couplings between the systems in quantum computing: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
Qué se mide y con qué calidad.
Cada indicador lleva su unidad, su periodicidad, el tipo de fuente que lo respalda y la etiqueta de evidencia que llevaría un valor. No se muestran valores: un programa los aporta bajo su propia autoridad.
| Indicador | Unidad | Cadencia | Tipo de fuente | Etiqueta |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical qubit count | qubits | per announcement | Published device results | NOTIFICADO |
| Two-qubit gate fidelity | percent | per device | Benchmark results | NOTIFICADO |
| Logical qubit error rate | errors per logical operation | per experiment | Peer-reviewed experiments | OBSERVADO |
| Coherence time | microseconds | per device | Device characterisation | NOTIFICADO |
| Quantum volume or similar holistic benchmark | benchmark score | per device | Published benchmarks | NOTIFICADO |
| Demonstrations surviving classical challenge | recuento | por revisión | Literature review | ESTIMADO |
De dónde procede la evidencia.
Conjuntos de datos públicos y registros institucionales identificados, cada uno con su tipo de licencia. Las fuentes obtenidas por acuerdo solo se utilizan conforme a sus condiciones y nunca se republican.
| Fuente | Lo que aporta | Tipo de licencia |
|---|---|---|
| arXiv quant-ph and peer-reviewed journals | Primary experimental and theoretical results | Open access preprints; journal licence per article |
| Metriq benchmark platform (Unitary Foundation) | Community-submitted quantum benchmark results | Open, licence to check |
| Vendor technical documentation and roadmaps | Device specifications and stated targets | Public documents, terms per vendor |
| National academies and agency assessments of quantum computing | Independent assessments of progress and prospects | Public, terms per publisher |
| QED-C reports | Industry consortium analyses of use cases and benchmarks | Public reports, terms to check |
Quién decide y a qué sirve la evidencia.
Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| Quién decide | La pregunta | Evidencia a la que sirve esta página |
|---|---|---|
| Research funders and science ministries | How much to invest in quantum computing research and access | Progress summaries; independent assessments |
| Organisations exploring quantum use | Whether a problem is a plausible quantum use case | Use case assessments with classical baselines |
| Security agencies | How progress affects cryptographic migration timelines | Error correction and scale evidence |
Productos que genera este tema
- Progress summaries that separate peer-reviewed results from roadmaps
- Benchmark interpretation guides
- Use case assessments with classical baselines
- Evidence notes for research funders
Lo que se preguntan los expertos.
The central question is what has been demonstrated, not what has been promised.
- How many qubits does a device have, and how good are they: what are their error rates and coherence times?
- Can errors be corrected faster than they accumulate, and at what cost in physical qubits per logical qubit?
- Which algorithms offer a demonstrated advantage over the best classical methods, and for which problems?
- Are claims of quantum advantage robust to improved classical algorithms?
- Which hardware approaches are likely to scale, and what limits them?
Mecanismos y factores impulsores.
Quantum computers gain their power from interference: algorithms are designed so that wrong answers cancel and right answers reinforce. That power is fragile. Qubits lose their quantum state through interaction with the environment, and every operation introduces some error. Quantum error correction encodes one reliable logical qubit in many physical qubits, but only works if physical error rates are below a threshold, and it multiplies the hardware required.
Known algorithms with large demonstrated speed-ups are few. Factoring and discrete logarithms, which underpin public-key cryptography, are the best-known examples; simulation of quantum sistemas in chemistry and physics is another. For many optimisation and machine-learning problems, a practical advantage has not been established, and improved classical algorithms have repeatedly narrowed claimed gaps.
Cómo se estudia y dónde terminan los métodos.
| Método o datos | Lo que muestra | Límites |
|---|---|---|
| Benchmarking of gate fidelity and coherence | Quality of physical qubits | Benchmarks can be chosen to flatter a device |
| Error-correction experiments | Whether logical qubits outperform physical ones | Early demonstrations are small and short-lived |
| Algorithm complexity analysis | Theoretical speed-up and resource estimates | Resource estimates depend on hardware assumptions |
| Classical simulation and verification | Whether results could be reproduced classically | Verification becomes harder as devices grow |
| Peer-reviewed literature versus announcements | What has been independently assessed | Announcements often precede, or replace, peer review |
Cómo se estudia y lo que los métodos no pueden decir.
- 01Física y ciencia cuánticaCaracterización del ruido de los cúbits · Metrología de relojes cuánticos · Verificación de efectos cuánticosAplicado aquí
- 02Computación, detección y comunicación cuánticasEvaluación comparativa homologable · Evaluación de la madurez tecnológica · Seguimiento de las implicaciones para la seguridadAplicado aquí
- 03Probabilidad y estadísticaEstimación de la fidelidad · Verificación de las afirmaciones de ventaja · Análisis de datos de patentes e inversiónAplicado aquí
Where this page’s references lead.
Los organismos y documentos con los que se lee esta página. El estado y las ediciones cambian; cada enlace lleva al organismo emisor.
Preguntas y respuestas.
¿Qué es un cúbit?
What is quantum advantage?
What is fault-tolerant quantum computing?
Why does qubit count alone mislead?
Does the platform predict when large quantum computers will arrive?
Aporte evidencia desde esta página.
serie Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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Aporte un método, un conjunto de datos o una pregunta.
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Documentos jurídicos.
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