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GCRI · Tecnologie quantistiche

Calcolo quantistico

Quantum computers use qubits that can be in superpositions and become entangled, which in principle lets some problems be solved far faster than on classical computers. Current machines are noisy and small, and useful fault-tolerant computing requires error correction that is only beginning to be demonstrated. This page sets out how quantum computers work and fail, how progress is measured honestly, and what evidence serves the institutions deciding how to engage.

01Registrare

Quantum computing on the record.

02La domanda

Quantum computing: how the risk develops.

Hardware, algorithms and actual maturity. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Meccanismo

Qubits are fragile

Qubits lose their quantum state through interaction with their environment. Gate errors and decoherence limit how long a computation can run before results become noise.

Meccanismo

Error correction needs overhead

Fault-tolerant computing encodes each logical qubit in many physical qubits and corrects errors continuously. It only helps once physical error rates fall below a threshold.

Meccanismo

Advantage is problem-specific

Quantum algorithms speed up particular problems, such as simulating quantum sistemi or factoring. For many tasks classical computers remain as good or better.

Meccanismo

Claims need classical comparison

Demonstrations of quantum advantage are often followed by improved classical methods. Honest comparison requires the best classical approach, not a convenient one.

03Monitoraggio

Quantum testbed.

La schermata che un gruppo utilizzerebbe per seguire questo tema: misure, stati e decisioni. I nomi sono esempi e i valori sono illustrativi.

Quantum testbed

Quantum computing · Testbed lab · Device QD-28

Calibration cycleGCRI · Tecnologie quantistiche

Qubit

Q0121490.03Drifting
Q1118240.03Drifting
Q294410.03Drifting
Q373930.05Drifting
Q450480.02Drifting

Device

Topology
heavy-hex, illustrative
2Q fidelity
0.994
Accesso
by committee
Etichetta
OSSERVATO
Quantum testbed: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantum computing.Nomi di esempio e valori illustrativi; un progetto, non un registro né un sistema attivo.
04Tra i domini

Quantum computing matters to the domains through simulation and through cryptography.

05Metodi ed evidenze

How quantum computing is modelled, measured and tested.

Il modello, le sue ipotesi, i suoi dati e la sua incertezza, nella forma in cui uno scienziato o un ingegnere li verificherebbe. Le strutture seguono metodi pubblicati. I valori rappresentati sono illustrativi, non risultati.

Modello di sistema

The couplings between the systems in quantum computing: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+QuantisticaCyberComunitàEconomiaR di rinforzoB bilanciamento
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principi guida FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comitato sui satelliti per l'osservazione della Terra
06Indicatori

Cosa viene misurato e con quale accuratezza.

Ogni indicatore riporta la sua unità, la sua cadenza, il tipo di fonte su cui si basa e l'etichetta di evidenza che un valore riporterebbe. Non sono mostrati valori: un programma li fornisce sotto la propria autorità.

IndicatoreUnitàCadenzaTipo di fonteEtichetta
Physical qubit countqubitsper announcementPublished device resultsRIPORTATO
Two-qubit gate fidelitypercentper deviceBenchmark resultsRIPORTATO
Logical qubit error rateerrors per logical operationper experimentPeer-reviewed experimentsOSSERVATO
Coherence timemicrosecondsper deviceDevice characterisationRIPORTATO
Quantum volume or similar holistic benchmarkbenchmark scoreper devicePublished benchmarksRIPORTATO
Demonstrations surviving classical challengeconteggioper revisioneLiterature reviewSTIMATO
07Fonti

Da dove provengono le evidenze.

Set di dati pubblici e registri istituzionali specifici, ciascuno con la sua classe di licenza. Le fonti soggette ad accordo sono utilizzate solo alle relative condizioni e mai ripubblicate.

FonteCosa fornisceClasse di licenza
arXiv quant-ph and peer-reviewed journalsPrimary experimental and theoretical resultsOpen access preprints; journal licence per article
Metriq benchmark platform (Unitary Foundation)Community-submitted quantum benchmark resultsOpen, licence to check
Vendor technical documentation and roadmapsDevice specifications and stated targetsPublic documents, terms per vendor
National academies and agency assessments of quantum computingIndependent assessments of progress and prospectsPublic, terms per publisher
QED-C reportsIndustry consortium analyses of use cases and benchmarksPublic reports, terms to check
08Decisioni

Chi decide, e a cosa servono le evidenze.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Chi decideLa domandaEvidenze fornite da questa pagina
Research funders and science ministriesHow much to invest in quantum computing research and accessProgress summaries; independent assessments
Organisations exploring quantum useWhether a problem is a plausible quantum use caseUse case assessments with classical baselines
Security agenciesHow progress affects cryptographic migration timelinesError correction and scale evidence

Output prodotti da questo argomento

  • Progress summaries that separate peer-reviewed results from roadmaps
  • Benchmark interpretation guides
  • Use case assessments with classical baselines
  • Evidence notes for research funders
09Questioni centrali

Cosa si chiedono gli esperti.

The central question is what has been demonstrated, not what has been promised.

  • How many qubits does a device have, and how good are they: what are their error rates and coherence times?
  • Can errors be corrected faster than they accumulate, and at what cost in physical qubits per logical qubit?
  • Which algorithms offer a demonstrated advantage over the best classical methods, and for which problems?
  • Are claims of quantum advantage robust to improved classical algorithms?
  • Which hardware approaches are likely to scale, and what limits them?
10Meccanismi

Meccanismi e fattori.

Quantum computers gain their power from interference: algorithms are designed so that wrong answers cancel and right answers reinforce. That power is fragile. Qubits lose their quantum state through interaction with the environment, and every operation introduces some error. Quantum error correction encodes one reliable logical qubit in many physical qubits, but only works if physical error rates are below a threshold, and it multiplies the hardware required.

Known algorithms with large demonstrated speed-ups are few. Factoring and discrete logarithms, which underpin public-key cryptography, are the best-known examples; simulation of quantum sistemi in chemistry and physics is another. For many optimisation and machine-learning problems, a practical advantage has not been established, and improved classical algorithms have repeatedly narrowed claimed gaps.

11Metodi e dati

Come viene studiato, e dove si fermano i metodi.

Metodo o datiCosa mostraLimiti
Benchmarking of gate fidelity and coherenceQuality of physical qubitsBenchmarks can be chosen to flatter a device
Error-correction experimentsWhether logical qubits outperform physical onesEarly demonstrations are small and short-lived
Algorithm complexity analysisTheoretical speed-up and resource estimatesResource estimates depend on hardware assumptions
Classical simulation and verificationWhether results could be reproduced classicallyVerification becomes harder as devices grow
Peer-reviewed literature versus announcementsWhat has been independently assessedAnnouncements often precede, or replace, peer review
12Metodi

Come viene studiato, e cosa i metodi non possono dire.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Gli organismi e i documenti alla luce dei quali si legge questa pagina. Stato ed edizioni cambiano; ogni link porta all'organismo emittente.

14Domande

Domande e risposte.

Che cos'è un qubit?
The basic unit of quantum information, a two-level quantum system that can be in a superposition of states and become entangled with other qubits.
What is quantum advantage?
A demonstration that a quantum computer solves a specific task faster or better than the best known classical method. Claims are often challenged by improved classical methods.
What is fault-tolerant quantum computing?
Computing that uses quantum error correction so that long calculations can run reliably despite errors in physical qubits.
Why does qubit count alone mislead?
Because quality matters as much as quantity. Many noisy qubits may be less useful than fewer high-fidelity ones, and practical applications require error-corrected logical qubits.
Does the platform predict when large quantum computers will arrive?
No. Timelines are uncertain, and the platform reports expert views as ranges with their assumptions rather than as dates.
RapportiContribuisci

Contribuisci con evidenze da questa pagina.

Rapporti is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRITecnologie quantisticheTecnologia esponenzialeProspettive Foresight
Tecnologie quantistiche

Porta un metodo, un set di dati o una domanda.

Informazioni e richieste sono aperte oggi. Una richiesta riceve un riferimento e indica il passo successivo; candidature, pagamenti, assegnazioni di calcolo e registrazioni si aprono solo quando esistono il team, le condizioni e la capacità di revisione.