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GCRI · Technologies quantiques

Informatique quantique

Quantum computers use qubits that can be in superpositions and become entangled, which in principle lets some problems be solved far faster than on classical computers. Current machines are noisy and small, and useful fault-tolerant computing requires error correction that is only beginning to be demonstrated. This page sets out how quantum computers work and fail, how progress is measured honestly, and what evidence serves the institutions deciding how to engage.

02La question

Quantum computing: how the risk develops.

Hardware, algorithms and actual maturity. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mécanisme

Qubits are fragile

Qubits lose their quantum state through interaction with their environment. Gate errors and decoherence limit how long a computation can run before results become noise.

Mécanisme

Error correction needs overhead

Fault-tolerant computing encodes each logical qubit in many physical qubits and corrects errors continuously. It only helps once physical error rates fall below a threshold.

Mécanisme

Advantage is problem-specific

Quantum algorithms speed up particular problems, such as simulating quantum systèmes or factoring. For many tasks classical computers remain as good or better.

Mécanisme

Claims need classical comparison

Demonstrations of quantum advantage are often followed by improved classical methods. Honest comparison requires the best classical approach, not a convenient one.

03Suivi

Quantum testbed.

L'écran qu'une équipe utiliserait pour suivre ce sujet : ses mesures, ses états et ses décisions. Les noms sont des exemples et les valeurs sont illustratives.

Quantum testbed

Quantum computing · Testbed lab · Device QD-28

Calibration cycleGCRI · Technologies quantiques

Qubits

Q0121490.03Drifting
Q1118240.03Drifting
Q294410.03Drifting
Q373930.05Drifting
Q450480.02Drifting

Device

Topology
heavy-hex, illustrative
2Q fidelity
0.994
Accès
by committee
Étiquette
OBSERVÉ
Quantum testbed: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantum computing.Noms donnés à titre d'exemple et valeurs illustratives ; une conception, non un enregistrement ni un système en service.
04À travers les domaines

Quantum computing matters to the domains through simulation and through cryptography.

05Méthodes et preuves

How quantum computing is modelled, measured and tested.

Le modèle, ses hypothèses, ses données et son incertitude, sous la forme qu'un scientifique ou un ingénieur vérifierait. Les structures suivent des méthodes publiées. Les valeurs représentées sont illustratives, ce ne sont pas des résultats.

Modèle de système

The couplings between the systems in quantum computing: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+QuantiqueCyberCommunautésÉconomieR renforçanteB équilibrage
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principes directeurs FAIR · GO FAIR et FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientations sur le traitement cohérent des incertitudes · GIECCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sur les satellites d'observation de la Terre
06Indicateurs

Ce qui est mesuré, et avec quelle qualité.

Chaque indicateur porte son unité, sa périodicité, le type de source qui le sous-tend et l'étiquette de preuve que porterait une valeur. Aucune valeur n'est affichée : un programme les fournit sous sa propre autorité.

IndicateurUnitéFréquenceType de sourceÉtiquette
Physical qubit countqubitsper announcementPublished device resultsDÉCLARÉ
Two-qubit gate fidelitypercentper deviceBenchmark resultsDÉCLARÉ
Logical qubit error rateerrors per logical operationper experimentPeer-reviewed experimentsOBSERVÉ
Coherence timemicrosecondsper deviceDevice characterisationDÉCLARÉ
Quantum volume or similar holistic benchmarkbenchmark scoreper devicePublished benchmarksDÉCLARÉ
Demonstrations surviving classical challengenombrepar examenLiterature reviewESTIMÉ
07Sources

D'où proviennent les données probantes.

Jeux de données publics et registres institutionnels nommés, chacun avec sa catégorie de licence. Les sources fournies dans le cadre d'accords ne sont utilisées que selon leurs conditions et ne sont jamais republiées.

SourcesCe qu'elle apporteCatégorie de licence
arXiv quant-ph and peer-reviewed journalsPrimary experimental and theoretical resultsOpen access preprints; journal licence per article
Metriq benchmark platform (Unitary Foundation)Community-submitted quantum benchmark resultsOpen, licence to check
Vendor technical documentation and roadmapsDevice specifications and stated targetsPublic documents, terms per vendor
National academies and agency assessments of quantum computingIndependent assessments of progress and prospectsPublic, terms per publisher
QED-C reportsIndustry consortium analyses of use cases and benchmarksPublic reports, terms to check
08Décisions

Qui décide, et à quoi servent les données probantes.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Qui décideLa questionDonnées probantes servies par cette page
Research funders and science ministriesHow much to invest in quantum computing research and accessProgress summaries; independent assessments
Organisations exploring quantum useWhether a problem is a plausible quantum use caseUse case assessments with classical baselines
Security agenciesHow progress affects cryptographic migration timelinesError correction and scale evidence

Résultats que produit ce thème

  • Progress summaries that separate peer-reviewed results from roadmaps
  • Benchmark interpretation guides
  • Use case assessments with classical baselines
  • Evidence notes for research funders
09Questions essentielles

Ce que se demandent les experts.

The central question is what has been demonstrated, not what has been promised.

  • How many qubits does a device have, and how good are they: what are their error rates and coherence times?
  • Can errors be corrected faster than they accumulate, and at what cost in physical qubits per logical qubit?
  • Which algorithms offer a demonstrated advantage over the best classical methods, and for which problems?
  • Are claims of quantum advantage robust to improved classical algorithms?
  • Which hardware approaches are likely to scale, and what limits them?
10Mécanismes

Mécanismes et facteurs.

Quantum computers gain their power from interference: algorithms are designed so that wrong answers cancel and right answers reinforce. That power is fragile. Qubits lose their quantum state through interaction with the environment, and every operation introduces some error. Quantum error correction encodes one reliable logical qubit in many physical qubits, but only works if physical error rates are below a threshold, and it multiplies the hardware required.

Known algorithms with large demonstrated speed-ups are few. Factoring and discrete logarithms, which underpin public-key cryptography, are the best-known examples; simulation of quantum systèmes in chemistry and physics is another. For many optimisation and machine-learning problems, a practical advantage has not been established, and improved classical algorithms have repeatedly narrowed claimed gaps.

11Méthodes et données

Comment c'est étudié, et où les méthodes s'arrêtent.

Méthode ou donnéesCe qu'il montreLimites
Benchmarking of gate fidelity and coherenceQuality of physical qubitsBenchmarks can be chosen to flatter a device
Error-correction experimentsWhether logical qubits outperform physical onesEarly demonstrations are small and short-lived
Algorithm complexity analysisTheoretical speed-up and resource estimatesResource estimates depend on hardware assumptions
Classical simulation and verificationWhether results could be reproduced classicallyVerification becomes harder as devices grow
Peer-reviewed literature versus announcementsWhat has been independently assessedAnnouncements often precede, or replace, peer review
12Méthodes

Comment c'est étudié, et ce que les méthodes ne peuvent pas dire.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Les organismes et documents à l'aune desquels cette page se lit. Les statuts et éditions changent ; chaque lien mène à l'organisme émetteur.

14Questions

Questions et réponses.

Qu'est-ce qu'un qubit ?
The basic unit of quantum information, a two-level quantum system that can be in a superposition of states and become entangled with other qubits.
What is quantum advantage?
A demonstration that a quantum computer solves a specific task faster or better than the best known classical method. Claims are often challenged by improved classical methods.
What is fault-tolerant quantum computing?
Computing that uses quantum error correction so that long calculations can run reliably despite errors in physical qubits.
Why does qubit count alone mislead?
Because quality matters as much as quantity. Many noisy qubits may be less useful than fewer high-fidelity ones, and practical applications require error-corrected logical qubits.
Does the platform predict when large quantum computers will arrive?
No. Timelines are uncertain, and the platform reports expert views as ranges with their assumptions rather than as dates.
RapportsContribuer

Apportez des éléments de preuve depuis cette page.

Rapports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRITechnologies quantiquesTechnologies exponentiellesPerspectives prospectives
Technologies quantiques

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