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GCRI · 空间与地球观测

地理空间治理

Geospatial data on boundaries, addresses, land, buildings and infrastructure underpin government, markets and risk management. National spatial data infrastructures, standards, licensing and rules on privacy and security decide whether that data is available, trusted and reusable. This page sets out how geospatial information is governed, how maturity is assessed, and what evidence serves the mapping agencies and institutions responsible.

01登记

Geospatial governance on the record.

02问题

Geospatial governance: how the risk develops.

Licensing, privacy and 数据质量. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Authoritative data need custodians

Someone must be responsible for each fundamental dataset, such as addresses or cadastres, keeping it current and correct.

机制

Standards make data combine

Common reference frames, formats and catalogues let data from different agencies be overlaid and shared.

机制

Licensing shapes use

Open licences increase reuse; restrictive or unclear licences limit it, even for publicly funded data.

机制

Some data are sensitive

Detailed maps of infrastructure, people or protected sites raise privacy and security concerns that governance must weigh against openness.

03地理

北极的对地观测。

Night lights, land cover and population density over the Arctic, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页的对地观测

关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Terra EVI(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数,是栖息地状况指标;不衡量物种或生物多样性。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Terra NDVI(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
截至所示日期 8 天的卫星绿度指数;是作物和牧草状况的指标,不是产量估算,也不是粮食安全预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

地球观测,以北极为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 11 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 增强型植被指数,滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra EVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 植被绿度(NDVI),滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra NDVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日

04跨领域

Geospatial governance decides who can use maps in every domain.

Governance studies are designed for the 方法与技术系列. The UN Integrated Geospatial Information Framework (2018) guides national geospatial agencies, which hold authoritative data.

  • National geospatial strategies.
  • Data sharing agreement examples.
05监测

Space safety console.

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

Space safety console

Geospatial governance · Orbit shell 550 km · Week 23

Conjunction above thresholdGCRI · 空间与地球观测

Conjunctions

CJ-3383SAT-3 vs debris2440.00040监测
CJ-8940SAT-1 vs SAT-x4820.000009无
CJ-0105SAT-4 vs debris460.0007Manoeuvre

Manoeuvre plan

Delta-v
0.07 m/s
窗口期
T-13 h
Fuel left
45 pct
决定
operator
Space safety console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Geospatial governance.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Fundamental geospatial data themes availablecount of themes每次评估UN-GGIM and national assessments已发布统计
Geodetic reference frame adoptionstatus每次评估National geodetic agency records已发布统计
Datasets with open licencespercent of national geospatial datasets每次评估Catalogue analysis观测
Metadata compliance with standardspercent of datasets每次评估Catalogue analysis观测
Address coveragepercent of dwellings with a registered address每次评估Address registers已发布统计
Cadastral coveragepercent of parcels registered每次评估Land administration records已发布统计
07模拟器

存量、流量、延迟和一个临界阈值。

两个存量,即压力和 适应能力,由一个增强的增长回路、一个延迟的平衡响应以及压力超过能力时产生的损害相连;越过阈值后,系统可能发生突变。这是使用明示示例数值的教学模型,不是预测。本页地图显示的是北极;模型本身并不局限于某一地点。

控制措施

压力增长
每年 6.0%
能力在降低压力方面的效力
每年 4.0%
对感知压力的投资响应
20%
感知延迟
4.0 年
压力的临界阈值
60 项指数
越过阈值后的放大
2.0 倍
模拟年数
50 年

读数

峰值压力
113 指数
期末能力
186 指数
超过阈值的年数
15.8 年
数字、方法与来源
年份压力能力感知
020.050.020.0
423.344.921.2
827.242.224.0
1231.742.327.7
1636.845.532.2
2042.351.537.2
2447.960.342.6
2853.271.348.0
3257.884.353.1
3666.498.458.4
4082.7115.969.7
4497.8139.783.8
48109.1169.497.3

方法

  1. 系统动力学 Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics
  2. 临界转变与临界点 Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461
  3. 因果回路图 Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
  4. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.

存量、流量、延迟和临界阈值。示意性教学模型:它依据控件设定的数值运行,而非实测数据。方法:System dynamics (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics);Critical transitions and tipping points (Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461);Causal loop diagram (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill)。
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
UN-GGIM Integrated Geospatial Information Framework documentsFramework and implementation guide公开,联合国使用条款
UN-GGIM global fundamental geospatial data themesThemes considered fundamental for national data公开,联合国使用条款
OGC standardsInteroperability standards for geospatial data and servicesPublic, OGC terms
National mapping agency cataloguesAvailable datasets and licencesLicence per agency
World Bank and FIG land administration studiesCadastre and land registration statusPublic, terms per publisher
09孪生与级联模拟器

Model geospatial governance as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 气候风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 海平面上升
  • Coastal flood (在下游引发)
  • 风暴潮 (在下游引发)
  • High-tide flooding (set off downstream)
  • Coastal erosion (set off downstream)
  • Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)
  • Estuary flood (set off downstream)
  • Coastal habitat squeeze (set off downstream)
  • Wetland loss (set off downstream)
  • Mangrove loss (set off downstream)
  • Groundwater flood (set off downstream)
  • Climate-driven migration and relocation (set off downstream)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-1 维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-3b 数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-14 符合性及与外部标准的对照
  • NRS-H65 危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-H62 危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)
  • NRS-H71 危害类别:深时与宇宙灾难(NHS-1 planet.deep-time)
  • NRS-H79 危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)
  • NRS-H75 危害类别:气候敏感性疾病(NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive)
  • NRS-H7 危害类别:大尺度环流异常(NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)

观测

  • ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • CMIP6 气候预估(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • NGFS Scenario Explorer(仅列作参考)
  • INFORM Risk Index(仅列作参考)
  • 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数
  • Total greenhouse gas emissions per year
  • 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比

示例地理范围

  • 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Space and Earth Observation prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
National mapping and cadastral agenciesWhich datasets to prioritise and how to publish themMaturity reviews; gap analyses
政府How to fund and govern national geospatial informationFramework evidence
Security and privacy authoritiesWhich geospatial data need restrictionsSensitive data evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Geospatial data infrastructure maturity reviews
  • Licence and metadata audits
  • Fundamental data gap analyses
  • Evidence notes on sensitive data policy
11方法与证据

How geospatial governance is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

地球观测链

How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on geospatial governance, and where each step adds uncertainty.

  1. 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性:云层和轨道造成的缺口
  2. 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性:传感器漂移
  3. 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性:气溶胶和坡度假设
  4. 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性:模型和训练误差
  5. 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性:样本设计与规模
  6. 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性:明确说明,从不隐藏
按 CEOS 分析就绪数据含义的处理链;每一步在绘制数字之前都会记录其不确定性。通用结构,并非结果。
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
12核心问题

专家提出的问题。

Specialists in geospatial governance work on questions of rights, rules and quality.

  • How do licensing regimes govern satellite operation, data distribution and resolution?
  • What privacy risks arise from fine-resolution and frequently repeated imagery, and how can they be limited?
  • 对于低概率、高后果的系统性事件,应如何表述 数据质量, provenance and uncertainty be documented for decision use?
  • How can open data be balanced with security, commercial and community interests?
  • What evidence standards apply when satellite data is used in disputes or enforcement?
13机制与驱动因素

Capability outpaces rules.

Commercial constellations now offer imagery at resolutions and revisit frequencies once limited to a few governments. Combining imagery with other data, such as mobile location or social media, can reveal patterns of individual behaviour. Licensing regimes, privacy law and data-protection rules were mostly written before these capabilities existed and vary between jurisdictions.

Quality is a governance question too. Products are reused far from their original purpose, often without their validation or licence conditions. Open data policies have greatly expanded use, but openness without documentation can spread errors. Communities whose lands are mapped may have their own views on how such data is used, overlapping with the principles of data sovereignty.

14方法与数据

证据如何构建,以及止于何处。

  1. 01

    Legal and policy analysis

    Comparing licensing, privacy and data law across jurisdictions. Rules change quickly and differ in practice from text.

  2. 02

    Metadata and provenance standards

    Documenting source, processing and accuracy with 地理空间信息系统 standards. Metadata is often incomplete.

  3. 03

    Privacy risk assessment

    评估中 re-identification risk of imagery and derived data. Combined datasets create risks that single datasets do not.

  4. 04

    Quality frameworks

    Assessing fitness for purpose using statistical validation. Different uses need different standards.

15方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

16Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

17问题

问题与解答。

What is a spatial data infrastructure?
The policies, technology, standards and people that let geospatial data be found, shared and used across organisations.
What is the IGIF?
The Integrated Geospatial Information Framework, developed by UN-GGIM with the World Bank, to help countries strengthen national geospatial information management.
Why are fundamental datasets important?
Because themes such as addresses, boundaries, elevation and transport networks are the base on which other data and services are built.
Can satellites identify individuals?
Current civil satellites generally cannot identify people directly, but fine-resolution imagery combined with other data can reveal information about individuals and homes. That is why privacy safeguards matter.
Is open satellite data free of conditions?
Not always. Open data often carries licence conditions such as attribution. Documentation of quality and limits should travel with the data.
Does the platform set licensing rules?
No. GCRI does not regulate. The platform publishes analysis and evidence that authorities and providers can use.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI空间与地球观测观测站信号指数级技术
空间与地球观测

带来一种方法、一个数据集或一个问题。

信息和咨询现已开放。每项咨询都会获得一个编号,并告知下一步;申请、付款、算力分配和注册只有在相应团队、条款和审查能力就绪时才会开放。