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GCRI · 空间与地球观测

空间系统韧性

Satellites and their ground segments face space weather, component failures, collisions, radio interference, jamming, spoofing and cyber attack. Many services on Earth, from navigation to weather forecasts, depend on a small number of missions. This page sets out how space 系统 fail and how resilience is built, how threats are monitored, and what evidence serves the agencies and operators who keep space services running.

02问题

Space system resilience: how the risk develops.

Satellite infrastructure and ground segment risk. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Space weather damages and disrupts

Solar storms raise radiation, heat the upper atmosphere and disturb the ionosphere, degrading electronics, increasing drag and disrupting signals.

机制

Signals can be jammed or spoofed

Weak satellite signals are easy to overpower or imitate. Interference affects navigation, communications and some EO radars.

机制

Ground segments are cyber targets

Control centres, ground stations and user terminals are exposed to cyber attack, which can disrupt services without touching the satellite.

机制

Single missions are single points

Where one satellite provides an essential observation or service, its failure leaves a gap until a replacement launches.

03地理

北极的对地观测。

北极的土地覆盖与植被,来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 2

本页的对地观测

关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Terra EVI(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数,是栖息地状况指标;不衡量物种或生物多样性。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Terra NDVI(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
截至所示日期 8 天的卫星绿度指数;是作物和牧草状况的指标,不是产量估算,也不是粮食安全预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
提供方
NASA GES DISC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;近实时卫星估算
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

地球观测,以北极为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 11 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 增强型植被指数,滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra EVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 植被绿度(NDVI),滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra NDVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日

04跨领域

Space systems are infrastructure for several domains.

Resilience studies are designed for the 战略系统系列. Space weather and interference are among the hazards; the page describes dependencies, not vulnerabilities of specific 系统.

  • Timing dependence studies.
  • Lessons from navigation outages.
05监测

Space safety console.

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

Space safety console

Space system resilience · Orbit shell 550 km · Week 36

Conjunction above thresholdGCRI · 空间与地球观测

Conjunctions

CJ-8107SAT-3 vs debris2310.00057监测
CJ-4243SAT-1 vs SAT-x8940.000039无
CJ-1259SAT-4 vs debris570.0002Manoeuvre

Manoeuvre plan

Delta-v
0.11 m/s
窗口期
T-15 h
Fuel left
40 pct
决定
operator
Space safety console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Space system resilience.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Geomagnetic storm 天count by storm level年度Space weather agency records观测
Satellite anomalies reported计数年度Operator and agency reports已报告
GNSS interference eventscount by region每月Aviation and monitoring reports已报告
Essential observations with a single supplying mission计数每次评估Observing system analysis估算
Ground stations per mission计数per missionMission documentation已声明
Missions past design life计数年度Mission status records已发布统计
07模拟器

存量、流量、延迟和一个临界阈值。

两个存量,即压力和 适应能力,由一个增强的增长回路、一个延迟的平衡响应以及压力超过能力时产生的损害相连;越过阈值后,系统可能发生突变。这是使用明示示例数值的教学模型,不是预测。本页地图显示的是北极;模型本身并不局限于某一地点。

控制措施

压力增长
每年 6.0%
能力在降低压力方面的效力
每年 4.0%
对感知压力的投资响应
20%
感知延迟
4.0 年
压力的临界阈值
60 项指数
越过阈值后的放大
2.0 倍
模拟年数
50 年

读数

峰值压力
113 指数
期末能力
186 指数
超过阈值的年数
15.8 年
数字、方法与来源
年份压力能力感知
020.050.020.0
423.344.921.2
827.242.224.0
1231.742.327.7
1636.845.532.2
2042.351.537.2
2447.960.342.6
2853.271.348.0
3257.884.353.1
3666.498.458.4
4082.7115.969.7
4497.8139.783.8
48109.1169.497.3

方法

  1. 系统动力学 Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics
  2. 临界转变与临界点 Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461
  3. 因果回路图 Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
  4. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.

存量、流量、延迟和临界阈值。示意性教学模型:它依据控件设定的数值运行,而非实测数据。方法:System dynamics (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics);Critical transitions and tipping points (Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461);Causal loop diagram (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill)。
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
NOAA Space Weather Prediction CenterSpace weather alerts, scales and historical dataPublic domain, US government
ESA Space Weather Service NetworkEuropean space weather services and dataPublic, ESA terms
EASA and aviation reports on GNSS interferenceRecorded interference affecting aviationPublic, terms per authority
WMO OSCAR and CEOS mission databasesMission status and observation dependenciesPublic, WMO and CEOS terms
Space agency and operator anomaly reportsDocumented failures and causes公共记录,条款因发布方而异
09孪生与级联模拟器

Model space system resilience as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 气候风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 海平面上升
  • Coastal flood (在下游引发)
  • 风暴潮 (在下游引发)
  • High-tide flooding (set off downstream)
  • Coastal erosion (set off downstream)
  • Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)
  • Estuary flood (set off downstream)
  • Coastal habitat squeeze (set off downstream)
  • Wetland loss (set off downstream)
  • Mangrove loss (set off downstream)
  • Groundwater flood (set off downstream)
  • Climate-driven migration and relocation (set off downstream)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-1 维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-3b 数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-14 符合性及与外部标准的对照
  • NRS-H65 危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-H62 危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)
  • NRS-H71 危害类别:深时与宇宙灾难(NHS-1 planet.deep-time)
  • NRS-H79 危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)
  • NRS-H75 危害类别:气候敏感性疾病(NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive)
  • NRS-H7 危害类别:大尺度环流异常(NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)

观测

  • ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • CMIP6 气候预估(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • NGFS Scenario Explorer(仅列作参考)
  • INFORM Risk Index(仅列作参考)
  • 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数
  • Total greenhouse gas emissions per year
  • 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比

示例地理范围

  • 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Space and Earth Observation prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Space agencies and operatorsWhere to add redundancy and protectionDependency maps; continuity gaps
关键基础设施 operatorsHow to prepare for loss of satellite servicesSpace weather and interference evidence
Spectrum regulatorsHow to detect and respond to interferenceInterference monitoring

该主题产生的产出

  • Dependency maps from space services to critical uses
  • Space weather impact assessments
  • Interference monitoring summaries
  • Continuity gap analyses for essential observations
11方法与证据

How space system resilience is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

地球观测链

How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on space system resilience, and where each step adds uncertainty.

  1. 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性:云层和轨道造成的缺口
  2. 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性:传感器漂移
  3. 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性:气溶胶和坡度假设
  4. 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性:模型和训练误差
  5. 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性:样本设计与规模
  6. 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性:明确说明,从不隐藏
按 CEOS 分析就绪数据含义的处理链;每一步在绘制数字之前都会记录其不确定性。通用结构,并非结果。
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
12核心问题

专家提出的问题。

Space engineers and risk analysts ask where space 系统 are fragile.

  • Which services depend on a single satellite, constellation, ground station or provider?
  • How exposed are satellites and ground systems to space weather, cyber attack and physical hazards?
  • How quickly can services be restored or substituted after a failure?
  • How do users on the ground detect that a space service is degraded or false?
  • Which design choices, such as redundancy and diversity of supply, improve resilience most?
13机制与驱动因素

Fragility in orbit and on the ground.

Satellites operate in a harsh environment. Radiation and charged particles, especially during solar storms, can cause electronic upsets and degrade components; atmospheric expansion during storms increases drag on low-orbit satellites. Satellites cannot usually be repaired, so faults are managed by redundancy and careful operation. Ground segments, by contrast, are terrestrial infrastructure: control centres, antennas, data networks and software, exposed to power failures, floods, fires and cyber intrusion.

Failures propagate when users depend on a service without backup. A ground-segment outage can stop data delivery from a functioning satellite; a software fault in a constellation can degrade services worldwide. Concentration of services among a few operators, or reliance on a single type of signal, increases the potential for widespread disruption.

14方法与数据

证据如何构建,以及止于何处。

  1. 01

    Reliability engineering

    Fault analysis and redundancy design through space systems engineering. Failure data for space hardware is limited.

  2. 02

    Space weather analysis

    Linking solar activity to effects on 系统, grounded in 物理学. Severe events are rare and their impacts uncertain.

  3. 03

    Cyber and network assessment

    Assessing ground networks and links with communications and network technology and computing expertise. Detailed findings are sensitive and not published.

  4. 04

    依赖关系映射

    Tracing which users rely on which services. Users often do not know their own dependencies.

15方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

16Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

17问题

问题与解答。

What is space weather?
Conditions in space driven by the Sun, such as solar flares and geomagnetic storms, that can affect satellites, communications, navigation and power grids.
What is GNSS spoofing?
Transmitting false satellite navigation signals so that receivers compute a wrong position or time without noticing.
Why is the ground segment important?
Because satellites are controlled and their data received through ground stations and networks, which can fail or be attacked.
Can a solar storm disable satellites?
Severe space weather can damage or disrupt satellites and degrade navigation and communications. Operators design for it, but the most extreme events are rare and their full effects uncertain.
Why does the ground segment matter so much?
Because a healthy satellite is useless if it cannot be controlled or its data cannot be delivered. Ground systems face the same hazards and cyber threats as other infrastructure.
Does the platform test operators’ systems?
No. It publishes system-level analysis and methods. Testing and security of specific systems remain with their operators.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI空间与地球观测观测站信号指数级技术
空间与地球观测

带来一种方法、一个数据集或一个问题。

信息和咨询现已开放。每项咨询都会获得一个编号,并告知下一步;申请、付款、算力分配和注册只有在相应团队、条款和审查能力就绪时才会开放。