GCRI · Biodiversity Nexus
Ecosystem integrity
Ecosystem integrity is the degree to which an ecosystem’s composition, structure and function remain within the range of its natural variation. Integrity erodes gradually through degradation, then can collapse when a threshold is crossed: a reef that shifts to algae, a forest edge that becomes savanna, a clear lake that turns turbid. This page sets out how condition is measured against a reference, how thresholds are recognised, and what the evidence can and cannot tell the authorities that manage land and sea.
Ecosystem integrity in seven parts.
- 01The questionEcosystem integrity: how the risk develops
- 02CouplingsEcosystem integrity underpins water, food and health services
- 03Reports, standards and contributionsIntegrity evidence and contributions
- 04IndicatorsWhat is measured, and how well
- 05SourcesWhere the evidence comes from
- 06DecisionsWho decides, and what the evidence serves
- 07Core questionsWhat experts ask
Ecosystem integrity: how the risk develops.
Habitat condition and ecological thresholds. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Degradation accumulates quietly
Logging, grazing, pollution, invasive species and altered fire or flow regimes each remove a little structure or function. Condition declines long before extent does, so an ecosystem can look intact on a land-cover map while losing its species and processes.
Thresholds and regime shifts
Reinforcing feedbacks hold an ecosystem in one state until a driver pushes it past a threshold. Shallow lakes, kelp forests, coral reefs and rainforest margins can flip to a degraded state that persists even after the pressure eases.
Pressures compound
Warming, nutrient enrichment, fragmentation and harvesting interact. A reef weakened by runoff recovers more slowly from a marine heatwave; a fragmented forest dries and burns more readily. Combined effects are often larger than the sum of their parts.
Loss propagates to people
Lost integrity reduces the services ecosystems supply: water regulation, soil stability, fisheries, pollination and carbon storage. Those reductions reach water utilities, farms, insurers and lenders through supply chains, asset values and public budgets.
Habitat condition in the Amazon Basin.
Vegetation, land cover and plant growth over the Amazon Basin, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.
Layers 3
Habitat condition, for this page
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (clouds leave gaps)
- Source
- MODIS Terra EVI (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite index; clouds leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-13
- Resolution
- about 250 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite vegetation index for the 8 days to the date shown, a habitat condition indicator; not a measure of species or biodiversity.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)
- Source
- MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA LP DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes
- Newest at build
- 2024-01-01
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Modelled (latest 8-day period GIBS publishes)
- Source
- MODIS Aqua GPP (MYD17) (NASA LP DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA LP DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- 8-day; Satellite-driven model; latest 8-day period GIBS publishes
- Newest at build
- 2026-09-30
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Model estimate of carbon taken up by plants over the 8-day period shown; an indicator of growth, not harvest or production.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed
- Source
- VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite image
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolution
- about 250 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)
- Source
- VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE FIRMS
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-13
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Estimated
- Source
- Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))
- Provider
- NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
- Vintage
- null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)
- Resolution
- about 1 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
Keyboard, with the map focused
Hold Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll to zoom
Latest available
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Loading the latest NASA imagery.
Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.
Habitat condition, framed on the Amazon Basin.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.
Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERTSources and licences
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
- Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
- © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). ODbL
- Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
- Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
- Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Optional layers (6 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.
Layers and dates
- Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
- Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- Gross primary production, 8-day total: MODIS Aqua GPP (MYD17), NASA LP DAAC · 30 Sep 2026
- True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
- Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Oct 2026
- Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
Ecosystem integrity underpins water, food and health services.
| Domain | How it couples here | What to watch |
|---|---|---|
| Water | Forests, wetlands and soils regulate flow and quality. See catchment hydrology. | Condition of headwater ecosystems |
| Food | Pollination, pest control and soil fertility. See soil and land. | Natural habitat near cropland |
| Health | Intact ecosystems regulate disease; degradation can raise spillover risk. See One Health. | Land-use change at disease hotspots |
| Energy | Energy infrastructure and mining fragment ecosystems. | Footprint of energy and mining sites |
Integrity is described by extent, condition and function. The IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (Keith and others, 2022) gives a common classification; the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems assesses risk of collapse; the UN SEEA Ecosystem Accounting, adopted in 2021, records extent and condition in accounts. Goal A of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022) targets the integrity of ecosystems.
LEAP workspace.
The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.
LEAP workspace
Ecosystem integrity · Landscape A · Assessment cycle 1
LEAP approach
- Locateinterface with nature
- Evaluatedependencies · impacts
- Assessrisks · opportunities
- Preparerespond · report
Dependencies and impacts
materiality, 0 low to 100 high
Scores are examples for an assessment the owner completes.
Sensitive locations
sites near high-integrity areas
Nature-related risk register
| Water scarcity at site 3 | Physical, acute | Abstraction and drought | High | Water stewardship plan |
| Habitat conversion in supply chain | Transition, market | Land use change | Medium | Supplier screening |
| Community objection | Systemic, social | Consent gaps | Medium | Consent records review |
| Pollinator decline | Physical, chronic | Pesticide use | Low | Monitor |
Integrity evidence and contributions.
Ecosystem condition analyses are designed for the Country Systems Risk and Resilience series. Condition datasets would carry NS-3b metadata under the proposed Nexus Standards. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) designates no protected area and assesses no project for approval. Useful contributions: field condition surveys, ecosystem maps with accuracy and local knowledge shared with consent.
Model ecosystem integrity as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Biodiversity and nature risk standards: the hazards it names, the systems and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
Hazards
- Deforestation
- Biodiversity loss (set off downstream)
- Soil erosion (set off downstream)
- Land-system change boundary transgression (set off downstream)
- Amazon rainforest dieback (set off downstream)
- Slope slide (set off downstream)
- Flash flood (set off downstream)
- Zoonotic spillover event (set off downstream)
- Wildfire (set off downstream)
- Emerging arbovirus outbreak (set off downstream)
- Malaria resurgence (set off downstream)
Systems and couplings
- Biodiversity and nature risk standards
- Climate risk standards Feedback
- Health risk standards Cascade
- Food and agriculture risk standards Dependency
- Environmental degradation hazard standards Shared hazard records
Controls
NS-0Constitution and principlesNS-1The UNI and the artefact catalogue (grammar v0.2: domain, sector, region and environment segments)NS-3Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)NS-3bDataset and product metadata profile (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)NS-5Figure, map and visualisation standard (with the UI/UX kit)NS-9Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)NS-11Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)NRS-N5Biodiversity and nature risk and resilienceNRS-H65Hazard family: Planetary boundary transgressions (NHS-1 planet.boundary)NRS-H27Hazard family: Biodiversity and species stress (NHS-1 eco.species)NRS-H26Hazard family: Land and wetland degradation (NHS-1 eco.land)NRS-H28Hazard family: Climate-state shifts (NHS-1 eco.climate-state)NRS-H64Hazard family: Ecosystem regime shifts (NHS-1 eco.regime-shift)
Observation
- GBIF occurrence API and downloads (listed for reference)
- World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas (listed for reference)
- Global Forest Watch tree cover loss (Hansen/UMD) and alerts (listed for reference)
- ESA WorldCover 10 m land cover (listed for reference)
- Copernicus Land Monitoring Service products (listed for reference)
- Red List Index
- Forest area as a proportion of total land area
- Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity covered by protected areas
Example geography
- Pacific Island states: 150 hexagonal cells
- Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
- Surface soil moisture (SMAP), NASA GIBS
- Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
- Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS
What is measured, and how well.
Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.
| Indicator | Unit | Cadence | Source type | Label |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecosystem extent by type | square kilometres per Global Ecosystem Typology unit | annual | Satellite classification and national maps | OBSERVED |
| Biodiversity Intactness Index | percent of reference-state abundance | periodic | Statistical model on compiled field surveys | MODELLED |
| Forest Landscape Integrity Index | dimensionless index | periodic | Remote sensing of pressures and connectivity | MODELLED |
| Red List of Ecosystems risk category | category from least concern to collapsed | per assessment | IUCN Red List of Ecosystems assessments | Published statistics |
| Ecosystem condition index | dimensionless, relative to reference condition | per accounting period | SEEA Ecosystem Accounting condition accounts | ESTIMATED |
| Human footprint | dimensionless pressure score | periodic | Mapped settlement, roads, land use and night lights | MODELLED |
| Early warning signals of transition | variance and autocorrelation of a state variable | per time series | Long-term monitoring series | ESTIMATED |
The sector signature of ecosystem integrity.
The sectors ecosystem integrity touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.
Signature
Biodiversity and its partners
Biodiversity gives pollination and soils to food (0.6), watershed regulation to water (0.5) and zoonotic spillover and medicines to health (0.4).
W · E · I · F · H · B
- Sectors
- 4 of 6
- Relations
- 6 of 15
- Coupling
- 0.46 share of total
Strongest relations in play
- Food → Biodiversity · land conversion0.6
- Water → Food · irrigation0.8
- Water → Biodiversity · environmental flows0.6
- Food → Health · nutrition0.7
Where the evidence comes from.
Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.
| Source | What it gives | Licence class |
|---|---|---|
| IUCN Red List of Ecosystems | Risk-of-collapse assessments of ecosystem types against standard criteria | Free for non-commercial use, terms of use |
| IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology | A hierarchical classification of ecosystem functional groups across all realms | Free and open, attribution |
| Biodiversity Intactness Index (Natural History Museum, PREDICTS) | Modelled intactness of local species assemblages from compiled field studies | Free and open, attribution |
| Forest Landscape Integrity Index | Forest condition from observed pressures, inferred pressures and lost connectivity | Free and open, attribution |
| ESA WorldCover and Copernicus Land Monitoring Service | Land cover and change for ecosystem extent | Free and open, attribution |
| National ecosystem accounts under SEEA | Extent and condition accounts compiled by national statistical offices | Public records, terms per agency |
| International Long Term Ecological Research network | Multi-decade site measurements of ecosystem state and processes | Terms per site |
How ecosystem integrity is modelled, measured and tested.
The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.
Earth observation chain
How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on ecosystem integrity, and where each step adds uncertainty.
- 01 · Acquireorbit, sensor and revisitUncertainty: gaps from cloud and orbit
- 02 · Calibrateradiometric and geometricUncertainty: sensor drift
- 03 · Correctatmosphere and terrainUncertainty: aerosol and slope assumptions
- 04 · Retrieve or classifythe variable or the classUncertainty: model and training error
- 05 · Validateagainst ground truthUncertainty: sample design and size
- 06 · Publishwith error bars and lineageUncertainty: stated, never hidden
Who decides, and what the evidence serves.
Biodiversity Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| Who decides | The question | Evidence this page serves |
|---|---|---|
| Environment ministries and national statistical offices | Which ecosystems to prioritise for protection and restoration in the national biodiversity strategy | Extent and condition by ecosystem type; risk-of-collapse categories with their criteria |
| Protected-area and land management authorities | Where condition is declining toward a threshold and which pressure to reduce first | Condition trends with early warning signals; pressure maps by driver |
| Planning and environmental assessment authorities | Whether a proposed development pushes a threatened ecosystem toward collapse | Red List of Ecosystems status, condition at the site, cumulative pressure in the landscape |
| Financial supervisors and institutions | Which portfolios are exposed to ecosystem degradation and collapse | Condition and threshold evidence linked to the locations of assets and suppliers |
Outputs this topic produces
- Ecosystem extent and condition maps against a stated reference
- Threshold and regime-shift evidence notes with their uncertainty
- Condition accounts aligned with SEEA Ecosystem Accounting
- Pressure maps that keep each driver separate
What experts ask.
Integrity is easy to invoke and hard to measure. Experts work on a small set of recurring questions.
- What is the reference state against which condition is judged, and how is it defined where no undisturbed reference exists?
- Which indicators of composition, structure and function move first when a system degrades?
- Where are the thresholds beyond which a system shifts state, and how close are particular places to them?
- How much connectivity and functional redundancy does a system need to recover from fire, drought or storm?
- How should integrity be compared across very different ecosystem types?
Why systems degrade gradually and then shift.
Ecosystems are held in a particular state by feedbacks. A forest shades its floor and keeps it moist, which suppresses fire; a clear lake supports rooted plants that hold sediment and absorb nutrients, which keeps it clear; a reef with abundant grazers keeps algae in check. Pressure such as clearing, nutrient pollution or overfishing weakens these feedbacks without visible change, until a disturbance tips the system into an alternative state held by different feedbacks: grassland instead of forest, turbid water instead of clear, algae instead of coral.
Resilience depends on diversity within functional groups, on connectivity that lets species recolonise, and on the slow variables, such as soil depth or nutrient stocks, that change over decades. Because these properties are eroded quietly, condition indicators that track only extent can miss decline until recovery is expensive or no longer possible.
How the evidence is built, and where it stops.
- 01
Field condition assessment
Plot surveys of vegetation structure, indicator species and soil or water quality give the most direct evidence. They are costly, sparse and often not repeated on the same sites.
- 02
Remote sensing
Satellite and airborne data track extent, canopy structure, productivity and disturbance across large areas, through Earth observation. They measure proxies for condition, not species or function directly.
- 03
Indices and reference states
Composite indices compare current condition with a reference. Their results depend heavily on the reference chosen, which should always be stated.
- 04
Early-warning signals
Rising variance or slower recovery from small disturbances can precede regime shifts in some systems. They need long, dense time series and can give false alarms.
How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.
- 01Ecology and biodiversity scienceSpecies distribution modelling · Population trend and viability analysisApplied here
- 02Earth observation and remote sensingForest loss and disturbance alerts · Wetland and mangrove dynamicsApplied here
- 03Complex systems and agent-based modellingEarly warning of regime shifts · Food-web and co-extinction networksApplied here
- 04Spatial statistics and geostatisticsBias-corrected distribution surfaces · Hotspots of change and threatApplied here
- 05Geospatial information systemsOverlap with sensitive biodiversity · Connectivity and corridor analysisApplied here
Where this page’s references lead.
The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.
- Keith and others, A function-based typology for Earth’s ecosystems (IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology), Nature 610 (2022)
- IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
- System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, Ecosystem Accounting (UN Statistical Commission, adopted 2021)
- Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and its monitoring framework, CBD decisions 15/4 and 15/5 (2022)
- NS-3b, Dataset and product metadata profile, a proposed standard
Where this page leads across the Consortium.
Questions and answers.
What is the difference between extent and condition?
Can a tipping point be predicted?
What does collapsed mean on the Red List of Ecosystems?
Which values on this page are real?
Is ecosystem integrity the same as naturalness?
Can satellites measure integrity on their own?
Why does the reference state matter so much?
Contribute evidence from this page.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- EmailGateway GW-GCRISend it from this pageEvidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.
- ZenodoOpen depositDeposit it and submit to the communityPublish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.
- ReportsGCRISee every way to contributeThe contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.
Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.
Bring a method, a dataset or a question.
Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.
Legal documents.
Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.