GCRI · 城市与建成环境
住房与可负担性
Housing determines where people live, what they can afford after rent, how safe they are from hazards and how secure they are against eviction. When housing costs rise faster than incomes, people crowd, move to cheaper risky land, or lose their homes. This page sets out how housing markets and policies shape affordability and risk, how they are measured, and what evidence serves the governments and housing bodies that act on them.
Housing and affordability: how the risk develops.
住房 系统 and climate exposure. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Costs rise faster than incomes
Land prices, construction costs, interest rates and investment demand raise housing costs. When incomes lag, households spend more of their budget on housing or move.
Crowding and poor quality follow
Households squeeze into less space, older stock or informal housing. Crowding and poor conditions raise exposure to disease, heat, fire and damp.
Affordability pushes people to risk
The cheapest housing is often in flood zones, on unstable slopes or far from jobs. Affordability problems become exposure and travel problems.
Tenure security shapes resilience
Renters and people without recognised tenure are more easily displaced after disasters and less able to invest in protecting their homes.
印度的城市信号。
Population density, night lights and daytime surface heat over India, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页的城市信号
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11（NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN））
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN）
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null；基于人口普查的估算，静态（2020）
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算，作为风险暴露背景展示；不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2）（NASA LAADS DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星辐射亮度，已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度；灯光是用电和停电的替代指标，并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（持续云层仍会造成缺口）
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3，8 天（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 8 天；卫星 8 天合成；持续云层仍会造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-09-14
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星皮肤温度，是高温风险暴露指标；不是气温、热指数，也不是高温预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层造成缺口）
- 来源
- OMI Aura（NASA GES DISC）
- 提供方
- NASA GES DISC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星反演；云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-10
- 处理结果
- 约 2 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期低层大气二氧化氮的卫星柱含量，主要来自燃烧；不是地面浓度，也不是健康预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作，地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。
城市信号，以印度为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。
数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光，NASA 戈达德航天中心；由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统（LAADS DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- OMI 二氧化氮（Aura）和 OMPS 气溶胶指数（Suomi NPP），NASA；由 NASA GES DISC 分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
- Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
- 实时：美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 空气质量预报，5 天，PM2.5（CAMS，经由 Open-Meteo）：包含经修改的 Copernicus 大气监测服务 2026 年信息。
- 过去一年的每日气温和日照（NASA POWER）：这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心（LaRC）POWER 项目，该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层（图层列表中有 16 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）在开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报是模型输出，派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 人口密度，2020 年：人口：哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN，世界网格化人口 v4.11（2018），NASA SEDAC， CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 夜间灯光，每日：VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2），NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 地表温度，日间，8 天合成：VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品，8 天，NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
- 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 二氧化氮，低层大气柱：OMI Aura，NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月10日
Housing ties household finances to exposure.
Housing analyses are designed for the 证据简报系列. WHO’s Housing and health guidelines (2018) set health-based recommendations on crowding, temperature and safety.
- Housing condition surveys.
- Studies of displacement after rent or disaster shocks.
Model housing and affordability as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 城市与建成环境: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- 冰塞洪水
- 地震
- 溃坝
- Aftershock sequence （在下游引发）
- Fault surface rupture (set off downstream)
- Soil liquefaction (set off downstream)
- Slope slide (set off downstream)
- Rockfall (set off downstream)
- Tsunami (set off downstream)
- Building collapse (set off downstream)
- 大范围停电（在下游引发）
- Water supply failure (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所（在下游引发）
- Disaster and conflict debris (set off downstream)
- 河流洪水（在下游引发）
- Flash flood (set off downstream)
- Turbidity current (set off downstream)
- Seismically and structurally vulnerable stock (set off downstream)
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI（语法、旧编码对照、分配机构）NS-5图表、地图和可视化标准（配合 UI/UX 套件）NS-9情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）NS-10政策和条款（机器可读的义务：定义、约束、评估和执行）NS-11验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）NRS-X5城市与建成环境风险NRS-H91危害族：城市与建成存量压力（NHS-1 infra.urban）NRS-H113危害类别：金融体系脆弱性（NHS-1 soc.financial-system）NRS-K7领域包概况：城市（DOMAIN-007）NRS-H31危害类别：持久性和生物累积性物质（NHS-1 poll.persistent）NRS-H34危害类别：废物与残余物处置失效（NHS-1 poll.waste）
观测
- Global Human Settlement Layer (listed for reference)
- WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)
- Overture Maps buildings theme (listed for reference)
- OpenStreetMap (listed for reference)
- World Development Indicators (listed for reference)
- Direct economic loss in relation to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters
- Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national strategies
- Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing
- Percentage of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national strategies
示例地理范围
- India: 65 hexagonal cells
- 穿透云层的地表水，30 m（OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达），NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率（IMERG），NASA GIBS
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
- 地表土壤湿度（SMAP），NASA GIBS
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Housing cost overburden | percent of households spending above a stated share of income on housing | 年度 | Household surveys | 估算 |
| House price to income ratio | ratio | 年度 | Price and income statistics | 已发布统计 |
| Overcrowding rate | percent of population in overcrowded dwellings | 年度 | Household surveys | 估算 |
| Households with secure tenure | percent of households | per survey | SDG indicator 1.4.2 surveys | 已报告 |
| Homelessness | people counted by a stated definition | annual or per count | Administrative records and point-in-time counts | 已报告 |
| New dwellings completed | 计数 | 年度 | Building completion statistics | 已发布统计 |
How housing and affordability is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in housing and affordability: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| OECD Affordable Housing Database | Housing costs, conditions and policies across OECD countries | Public, OECD terms |
| UN-Habitat housing and SDG 11.1 data | Population in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing | Public, UN-Habitat terms (to check) |
| Eurostat housing statistics (EU-SILC) | Overburden, overcrowding and housing deprivation in Europe | Open, Eurostat reuse policy |
| Demographic and Health Surveys housing modules | Dwelling materials, crowding and services | Free with registration, DHS terms |
| Global Land Tool Network and SDG 1.4.2 tenure data | Tenure security measurement | Public, terms per source |
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Cities and Built Environment prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Housing ministries and agencies | Which housing programmes and subsidies to fund and where | Affordability profiles; supply statistics |
| City governments | Where to zone for affordable housing outside hazard zones | Affordable housing and hazard maps |
| Recovery agencies after disasters | How to protect renters and informal residents in recovery | Tenure evidence; displacement data |
该主题产生的产出
- Affordability and crowding profiles by city and group
- Maps of affordable housing against hazard exposure
- Tenure security evidence notes
- Briefs on housing in recovery and resettlement
专家提出的问题。
- 01
Who lives in exposed housing?
How income, tenure, age and disability correlate with hazardous locations and poor building quality.
- 02
How does exposure affect affordability?
How insurance costs, repair costs and energy bills change the true cost of housing in exposed areas.
- 03
What happens after a disaster?
How damage to housing affects rents, displacement and recovery for owners and tenants.
- 04
What retrofits make a difference?
Which improvements to existing stock reduce risk and at what cost to occupants.
What drives the risk.
Housing markets capitalise some risks and ignore others. Visible hazards may lower prices, drawing lower-income households to exposed areas, while slow-onset risks such as heat and subsidence are rarely priced. When insurance becomes unavailable or unaffordable, the risk shifts to occupants and lenders.
Tenants have limited control over the buildings they live in. They cannot retrofit, may lose their homes after disasters and often receive less recovery assistance than owners. Insecure tenure deters investment in safety.
Reconstruction can raise housing costs. Rebuilding to higher standards, land speculation and reduced supply can push former residents out of the areas they left.
证据如何收集，以及止于何处。
| 方法或数据 | 显示内容 | 其局限 |
|---|---|---|
| Housing condition surveys | Quality and structural defects | Costly and infrequent |
| Census and tenure data | Who lives where and on what terms | Lags behind fast change |
| Exposure overlays | Housing stock in hazard zones | Depend on hazard map quality |
| Post-event studies | Displacement and recovery paths | Hard to follow people who move |
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is housing affordability?
What is adequate housing?
Why does tenure security matter in disasters?
Does the platform value properties or advise buyers?
Why include energy costs in affordability?
Are tenants treated separately?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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