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GCRI · 气候与灾害

地震与地质灾害

Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides and subsidence arise from the solid Earth and give little or no warning. Their timing cannot be predicted, but where and how strongly they can occur can be assessed and built for. This page sets out how geohazards arise, how hazard is estimated probabilistically, and what evidence serves the agencies that set building codes, plan land use and monitor active 系统.

01登记

Earthquakes and geohazards on the record.

02问题

Earthquakes and geohazards: how the risk develops.

Earthquakes, volcanoes and related hazards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Faults store and release strain

Tectonic plates move steadily, and faults lock until stress exceeds their strength. The sudden slip radiates seismic waves whose shaking depends on magnitude, distance, depth and local ground.

机制

Ground conditions amplify shaking

Soft sediments amplify and lengthen shaking, and loose saturated soils can liquefy. Two buildings at the same distance from an 地震 can experience very different motion.

机制

Tsunamis follow seafloor movement

Earthquakes, submarine landslides and volcanic collapses displace water, sending waves across ocean basins. Near-source coasts may have only minutes before arrival.

机制

Triggers set off secondary hazards

Strong shaking and heavy rain trigger landslides, which can dam rivers and later release floods. Volcanic ash disrupts aviation and agriculture far from the vent.

03地理

Hazards now worldwide.

Population density, night lights and land cover across the world, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的当前危害

关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Terra EVI(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数,是栖息地状况指标;不衡量物种或生物多样性。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

Hazards now, framed on the world.NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 20 个数据源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在开启时,会在地图上和此处注明其提供方;预报为模型输出,衍生指数为估算值。

图层与日期

  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 增强型植被指数,滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra EVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日

04跨领域

Earthquakes strike lifelines first.

Seismic risk analyses are designed for the 国家系统风险与韧性系列. Hazard and risk maps of the Global 地震 Model Foundation and USGS ShakeMap and PAGER are the main open references; earthquakes cannot be predicted, and the page presents probabilities, not dates.

  • Building inventory and structural data for exposure models.
  • Post-event damage surveys.
05监测

Flood and storm hazard modeller.

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

Flood and storm hazard modeller

Earthquakes and geohazards · River delta · Return period set

Model run completeGCRI · 气候与灾害

Flood depth by return period

hydraulic model · illustrative

港口城镇工厂海洋区间:1/10 · 1/100 · 1/1000N

情景集

1-in-10140.9
1-in-100371.4
1-in-1000632.1

Validation against observed flood

Flood and storm hazard modeller: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Earthquakes and geohazards.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
地震 magnitudemoment magnitude每个事件Seismic network catalogues观测
峰值地面加速度fraction of gravity每个事件Strong-motion stations and ShakeMap estimates观测
Macroseismic intensityintensity scale level每个事件Felt reports and intensity models估算
Seismic hazard at a 重现期peak ground acceleration with a stated exceedance probabilityper model releaseProbabilistic seismic hazard models模型生成
Landslide susceptibilitysusceptibility class每次评估Susceptibility models模型生成
Ground deformation ratemillimetres per yearper acquisition seriesSatellite radar interferometry观测
Volcanic alert levelalert level on the observatory’s scaleas issuedVolcano observatories已发布统计
07模拟器

从危害到损失:超越概率曲线。

给定损失被超越的频率,由 Gumbel 危害、对数正态易损性和 防护标准得出;曲线下的面积就是 年均损失. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.

控制措施

Typical annual peak ground acceleration (location)
0.04 g peak ground acceleration
极端值的扩散(尺度)
0.05 g peak ground acceleration
损失一半价值时的强度
0.45 g peak ground acceleration
脆弱性的离散程度
0.60
危害足迹中的价值占比
40%
防护标准(重现期)
50 年

读数

年均损失
0.18% of value
百年一遇(1/100)的损失
7.9% of value
250 年一遇(1/250)的损失
11.1% of value
百年一遇(1/100)的强度
0.27 g peak ground acceleration
数字、方法与来源
重现期(年)Intensity (g peak ground acceleration)损失(占价值的 %)
1−0.020.00
20.060.00
40.100.00
70.130.00
130.170.00
240.200.00
440.230.00
820.267.23
1540.299.40
2870.3211.60
5360.3513.79
1,0000.3915.92

方法

  1. Gumbel 极值危害 Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press
  2. 对数正态易损性(脆弱性) FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual
  3. 超越概率曲线与年均损失 Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer
  4. 堤防效应 Di Baldassarre and others (2013), Socio-hydrology, HESS 17
  5. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  6. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • 河流 Natural Earth
  • 城市范围 Natural Earth
  • 城市 Natural Earth
  • 过去一周 M4.5+ 地震(USGS) 美国地质调查局 · 登记 usgs.earthquake.summary-feeds
  • 降雨率,最近半小时(IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · 登记 nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • 河流流量预报,30 天及范围(GloFAS via Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com(CC BY 4.0)、Copernicus GloFAS · 登记 open-meteo.public-pages
  • 建成区与居民点范围,2010 年(HBASE,Landsat) CIESIN/Columbia、NASA SEDAC HBASE · 登记 sedac.context-urban-layers
从危害到损失:超越曲线。示意性教学模型:它依据控件设定的数值运行,而非实测数据。方法:Gumbel extreme-value hazard (Gumbel (1958), Statistics of Extremes, Columbia University Press);对数正态脆弱性 (FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH Technical Manual);Exceedance-probability curve and average annual loss (Grossi and Kunreuther (2005), Catastrophe Modeling, Springer)。
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
USGS ANSS Comprehensive 地震 Catalog (ComCat)全球 地震 locations, magnitudes and ShakeMapsPublic domain, US government data
International Seismological Centre BulletinReviewed global earthquake parametersFree with citation, ISC terms (to check)
Global Earthquake Model (GEM) global hazard and risk mapsProbabilistic seismic hazard and risk mosaicsCC BY-NC-SA 4.0 for the public maps (to check)
Smithsonian Global Volcanism ProgramVolcano and eruption recordsFree with citation, terms to check
NASA Global Landslide CatalogRainfall-triggered landslide eventsOpen, NASA data policy
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Tsunami DatabaseTsunami events and run-up observationsPublic domain, US government data
Copernicus Sentinel-1 radar dataInputs for ground deformation and landslide monitoringFree and open, Copernicus terms
09孪生与级联模拟器

Model earthquakes and geohazards as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 气候风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 海平面上升
  • Coastal flood (在下游引发)
  • 风暴潮 (在下游引发)
  • High-tide flooding (set off downstream)
  • Coastal erosion (set off downstream)
  • Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)
  • Estuary flood (set off downstream)
  • Coastal habitat squeeze (set off downstream)
  • Wetland loss (set off downstream)
  • Mangrove loss (set off downstream)
  • Groundwater flood (set off downstream)
  • Climate-driven migration and relocation (set off downstream)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-1 维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-3b 数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-14 符合性及与外部标准的对照
  • NRS-H65 危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)
  • NRS-H62 危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)
  • NRS-H71 危害类别:深时与宇宙灾难(NHS-1 planet.deep-time)
  • NRS-H79 危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)
  • NRS-H75 危害类别:气候敏感性疾病(NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive)
  • NRS-H7 危害类别:大尺度环流异常(NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)

观测

  • ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • CMIP6 气候预估(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • NGFS Scenario Explorer(仅列作参考)
  • INFORM Risk Index(仅列作参考)
  • 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数
  • Total greenhouse gas emissions per year
  • 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比

示例地理范围

  • 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Climate and Hazards prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Building code committeesWhich seismic design values apply in each zoneHazard models with exceedance probabilities and site effects
Geological surveys and volcano observatoriesWhich areas need monitoring, mapping or alert changesDeformation evidence; catalogues; susceptibility maps
Spatial planning authoritiesWhere to restrict building on unstable or liquefiable groundSusceptibility and site condition evidence
Tsunami warning centres and coastal authoritiesWhich coasts need evacuation routes and signsTsunami history and inundation scenarios

该主题产生的产出

  • Hazard model comparisons for a region, with the source of each model stated
  • Event reconstructions combining seismic, intensity and satellite evidence
  • Secondary hazard notes on landslides, liquefaction and tsunami
  • Ground deformation analyses from radar time series
11方法与证据

How earthquakes and geohazards is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

不确定性区间

How far the outlook for earthquakes and geohazards could spread, shown as ranges rather than a single line.

现在+5+10+15+20+25+30 y高低很可能区间可能区间
中心估计值
集合的中位数
范围
IPCC 校准用语中的“可能”和“很可能”
集合
明示成员、情景和初始条件
配合阅读
结果对每项输入的敏感性
示意性的指数尺度集合离散度;形式遵循 IPCC 不确定性指南。并非预测。
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
12核心问题

专家提出的问题。

Geohazard questions are about where, how big and with what effects.

  • Which faults are active, and what magnitudes can they produce?
  • How strongly will the ground shake at a site, given local soils and geology?
  • Which volcanoes are restless, and what eruption styles and hazards are possible?
  • Where can landslides occur, and what triggers them?
  • How quickly can a 海啸 reach a coastline after an offshore 地震 或 landslide?
13机制

机制与驱动因素。

Earthquakes release strain accumulated as tectonic plates move. The energy radiates as seismic waves whose effect at the surface depends on distance, depth and local ground conditions; soft sediments can amplify shaking and saturated soils can liquefy. Large earthquakes are followed by aftershocks, and some trigger landslides and tsunamis.

Volcanic hazards include ash fall, pyroclastic flows, lava, gases and mudflows called lahars, which can travel far down valleys. Landslides occur when slopes fail under gravity, often triggered by heavy rain, earthquakes, snowmelt or human changes to slopes; their rainfall triggers link them to climate. Tsunamis travel across ocean basins at high speed, so warning time depends on distance from the source.

14方法与数据

如何研究,以及方法止于何处。

方法或数据显示内容局限
Seismic networks and cataloguesWhere and how often earthquakes occurCatalogues are short relative to large-earthquake recurrence
概率地震危害分析The likelihood of exceeding given ground-shaking levelsDepends on fault models and ground-motion models with large uncertainty
Geodesy, including satellite radar and positioningGround deformation and strain accumulationShows strain, not when it will be released
Volcano monitoringSeismicity, gas and deformation signalling unrestUnrest does not always lead to eruption
Landslide susceptibility mappingWhere slopes are prone to failTiming remains hard to predict
15方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

16Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

17问题

问题与解答。

Can earthquakes be predicted?
Not in time, place and size with the reliability needed for warnings. Probabilistic hazard assessment estimates how likely given shaking is over a period, which is what building codes use.
What is probabilistic seismic hazard analysis?
A method that combines all possible earthquake sources, their rates and ground motion models to estimate the probability of exceeding a level of shaking at a site over a stated time.
What is the difference between magnitude and intensity?
Magnitude measures the energy released at the source. Intensity describes the shaking and its effects at a particular place, which vary with distance and ground.
Why do buildings fail in some places and not others during the same earthquake?
Because of differences in ground conditions, distance from the rupture, building design, construction quality and maintenance.
Does the platform set volcano alert levels?
No. Alert levels are set by competent geological and volcano observatories.
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报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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