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الذكاء الاصطناعي في سير العمل العلمي

Machine learning now enters science at every step: screening literature, designing experiments, analysing images and sequences, emulating simulations and drafting text. Each use can speed discovery and each can introduce errors that look like findings. This page sets out how models are evaluated for scientific use, where leakage, benchmark overfitting and silent drift arise, and what evidence editors, funders and regulators need before they rely on a model-assisted result.

01لوحة العرض

كيف يسير العمل.

النظم · حول هذا الموضوعتوضيحي

Testbed operations

AI in scientific workflows · Field lab coast · Campaign 5

Sensors deployedGCRI · Labs

Sensor deployment

خط ساحلي توضيحي

BuoyالمحطةGaugeبحرBands: tidal rangeN

Sensors

S-01 tide940.0Nominal
S-04 salinity760.4Recalibrate
S-07 wave950.1Nominal

Sensor vs reference

Testbed operations: the screen’s structure, terms and states for AI in scientific workflows.أسماء مثالية وقيم توضيحية؛ تصميم وليس سجلًا ولا نظامًا حيًا.

الشكلTestbed operations: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.

02السؤال

AI in scientific workflows: how the risk develops.

Model evaluation and scientific assistance. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

الآلية

Leakage inflates performance

When information from the test set reaches training, through duplicates, shared patients, neighbouring sites or preprocessing fitted on all the data, a model appears more accurate than it is. Leakage has been documented in many fields that adopted machine learning.

الآلية

Benchmarks get overfitted

Repeated tuning against the same public benchmark selects models that fit its quirks. Gains on a leaderboard can vanish on new data, and contamination of training corpora with benchmark items makes scores hard to interpret.

الآلية

Drift and distribution shift

Instruments, protocols, populations and software change. A model validated on last year’s data or another lab’s scanner can degrade without any visible error. Monitoring after deployment is part of the evaluation, not an extra.

الآلية

Generated text and fabricated sources

Language models can produce fluent text, citations and code that are wrong. Unchecked, these errors enter manuscripts, peer reviews and proposals, and spread through citation. Disclosure and verification policies exist because such errors are hard to see.

03الأساليب والأدلة

How AI in scientific workflows is modelled, measured and tested.

النموذج وافتراضاته وبياناته وعدم اليقين فيه، بالصورة التي يفحصها بها عالم أو مهندس. وتتبع البنى أساليب منشورة. والقيم المرسومة توضيحية، وليست نتائج.

النموذج والمعادلات والافتراضات

The model structure used for AI in scientific workflows, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

مخاطر العنصر iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)الخطر والتعرّض وقابلية التأثر والقدرة على المواجهة
الخسارة السنوية المتوقعةEAL = ∑k pk · Lkعلى الأحداث k ذات الاحتمال السنوي p⁨k⁩
النظم المقترنةxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
افتراضلماذا أُعدّكيف يُختبر
الخطر والتعرّض مستقلان داخل الحدث الواحديُبقي تكامل الخسارة قابلًا للحسابقارن بمطابقة دالة ربط (⁨copula⁩) على السجلات المشتركة
تكون الروابط خطية قرب نقطة التشغيليسمح بانتشار الصدمات عبر ⁨A⁩ادفع خارج النطاق الخطي وقارن
منحنيات الهشاشة قابلة للنقل بين الأماكننادرًا ما تتوافر المنحنيات المحليةالتحقق مقابل الخسائر المرصودة حيثما وُجدت
المدخلات
مجموعات بيانات ذات إصدارات ومزودة ببيان المصدر
المخرجات
توزيعات، لا أرقام منفردة أبدا
الرمز
يُصدر مع بطاقة النموذج والاختبارات
إعادة الإنتاج
البيانات نفسها والشيفرة نفسها والبيئة نفسها والبذرة نفسها
صيغ معيارية للمخاطر وفضاء الحالة؛ والافتراضات المدرجة نموذجية للأسلوب ومعلنة للمراجعة، وليست نتائج.
مبادئ FAIR التوجيهية · GO FAIR وFORCE11⁨W3C PROV⁩ · اتحاد الشبكة العالميةإرشادات بشأن المعالجة المتسقة لأوجه عدم اليقين · الهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخبيانات CEOS الجاهزة للتحليل · لجنة سواتل رصد الأرض
05المؤشرات الفرعية

ما الذي يُقاس، ومدى جودة قياسه.

يحمل كل مؤشر وحدته ووتيرته ونوع المصدر الذي يستند إليه ووسم الأدلة الذي ستحمله القيمة. ولا تُعرض أي قيم: فالبرنامج يقدّمها بموجب سلطته الخاصة.

المؤشرالوحدةوتيرة الإصدارنوع المصدرالوسم
Held-out evaluation design statedpercent of model-based studiesسنويAudit against the REFORMS checklistمرصود
Code and model weights availablepercent of studies with runnable code and weightsسنويRepository and article auditمرصود
External validationpercent of models tested on data from another site or periodسنويLiterature reviewمُقدَّر
خطأ المعايرةexpected calibration error, dimensionlessper modelHeld-out evaluationمرصود
Performance gap under shiftdifference in the primary metric between internal and external test setsper modelValidation reportsمرصود
AI use disclosurepercent of submissions with a disclosure statementسنويJournal submission recordsمُعلَن
Contamination checks reportedpercent of benchmark evaluation reportsسنويEvaluation reportsمُبلَّغ عنه
06المصادر

من أين تأتي الأدلة.

مجموعات بيانات عامة مسمّاة وسجلات مؤسسية، لكلٍّ منها فئة ترخيصها. ولا تُستخدم المصادر المتاحة بموجب اتفاق إلا وفق شروطها، ولا يُعاد نشرها أبدًا.

المصدرما يقدّمهفئة الترخيص
OpenMLDatasets, tasks and evaluation runs with standardised splitsOpen, CC BY
Hugging Face Hub model and dataset cardsDocumented models and datasets with stated training data and limitationsLicence per model or dataset
MLCommons benchmarksShared benchmarks and measurement rules for model performanceOpen, Apache 2.0
AI Incident Database (Responsible AI Collaborative)Reported failures and harms of deployed AI النظممفتوح، مع الإسناد
Software HeritageArchived source code with persistent intrinsic identifiersOpen archive, licence per repository
arXiv metadataPreprints across physics, computing and quantitative biologyMetadata CC0; licence per paper
Zenodo (CERN)Citable deposits of code, models, data and evaluation outputsOpen, licence per record
07القرارات

من يقرر، وما الذي تخدمه الأدلة.

⁨Labs⁩ prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

من يقررالسؤالالأدلة التي تخدمها هذه الصفحة
Journal editors and reviewersWhether a model-based claim rests on an evaluation that excludes leakage and tests generalisationREFORMS or TRIPOD+AI checklist, split design, external validation, code availability
ممولو البحوثWhether applicants and reviewers may use generative AI, and on what disclosure termsFunder policy, disclosure records, documented verification of generated content
Medicines and device regulatorsWhether an AI component in a medical product is validated for its intended usePrespecified evaluation, external validation, predetermined change control plan
Research integrity officesWhether an allegation involving fabricated or generated content is substantiatedProvenance of text, data and code; version history; tool logs

المخرجات التي يُنتجها هذا الموضوع

  • Evaluation protocols that fix splits, metrics and baselines before training
  • Model cards and datasheets with intended use, limits and known failure modes
  • Leakage and contamination audits of model-assisted studies
  • Reproducible pipelines with code, weights, environment and data versions archived
08الأسئلة الجوهرية

What experts ask about AI in research.

  • What task is the model doing, and what is it compared against?
  • Was the model evaluated on data independent of the data it was trained or tuned on?
  • How does performance change when conditions shift away from the training data?
  • Can the output be checked by a person or a simpler method, and is it?
  • Which steps of the workflow were assisted, and is that disclosed in the result?
09الآليات والمحرّكات

Where AI helps and where it misleads.

Machine learning models learn statistical regularities from data. They can be very effective where those regularities are stable and data are plentiful, for example classifying land cover from satellite imagery or emulating a climate model to explore many scenarios. They are weaker where data are sparse, where the system changes over time or where rare events matter most, which describes much of risk science.

Common failure modes are well understood: leakage, where information from the test set reaches training; انزياح التوزيع, where conditions in use differ from those in training; shortcut learning, where a model relies on a spurious cue; and overconfident outputs without calibrated uncertainty. Generative models add the risk of fluent but fabricated content, including citations and code that looks correct but is not.

Workflow effects matter as much as model accuracy. When a tool is used at several stages, small errors can accumulate, and reviewers may give automated outputs more trust than they deserve.

10المناهج والبيانات

How AI tools are evaluated.

  1. 01

    Held-out and out-of-distribution tests

    Evaluation on data separated by time, place or source. This is the minimum for any claim of generalisation.

  2. 02

    Baselines

    Comparison with simple statistical methods and expert judgement. A complex model that does not beat a simple baseline is not adding value.

  3. 03

    Calibration and uncertainty

    Checks that stated confidence matches observed accuracy, using قياس عدم اليقين.

  4. 04

    Provenance and disclosure

    A record of which model, version and prompts or settings were used at each step, so the workflow can be re-run or audited.

Benchmark scores rarely transfer directly to a new research setting, and a model’s behaviour can change between versions. Evaluation is repeated when either the task or the model changes.

11الأساليب

كيف يُدرس، وما لا تستطيع المناهج قوله.

  1. الذكاء الاصطناعي وتعلم الآلةالفرز بمساعدة الآلة للمراجعات المنهجية · النماذج البديلة لتوجيه التجاربمُطبَّق هنا
  2. تقدير عدم اليقين والتحقق من صحة النماذجموازنات عدم اليقين في القياس · تحليل الحساسية لنماذج المحاكاةمُطبَّق هنا
  3. الاحتمالات والإحصاءتخطيط حجم العينة والقوة الإحصائية · التحليل التلوي مع تقييم الانحيازمُطبَّق هنا
  4. الاستدلال السببي وتقييم الأثرالتجارب الرائدة العشوائية والطرح المتدرج · التقييم شبه التجريبي للبرامجمُطبَّق هنا
  5. هندسة النظمتتبع المتطلبات حتى التحقق · مراجعات الجاهزية عند بوابات المراحلمُطبَّق هنا
12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

الهيئات والوثائق التي تُقرأ هذه الصفحة في ضوئها. وتتغير الحالات والإصدارات؛ ويقود كل رابط إلى الهيئة المُصدِرة.

13أسئلة

أسئلة وأجوبة.

What is data leakage?
Any route by which information about the test data influences training or model selection. It makes reported performance higher than the model will achieve on genuinely new data.
Is a high benchmark score enough to publish a method?
Not on its own. Reviewers increasingly expect external validation, uncertainty on the score, ablations and an account of how the benchmark was protected from contamination.
Can a generative AI tool be listed as an author?
COPE and the ICMJE say no, because authorship carries accountability a tool cannot hold. Use of such tools is disclosed in the methods or acknowledgements, under the journal’s policy.
Why publish model weights and code?
So others can rerun the evaluation, test on new data and find errors. Where weights cannot be shared, for privacy or safety, a controlled access route and a stated reason are the accepted alternative.
Does Labs use generative AI to write findings?
Any assisted step is designed to be disclosed. Findings are the responsibility of named researchers, who check every generated claim, citation and line of code.
Can Labs evaluate a commercial AI model?
A model can be evaluated under a published protocol. The result describes performance on the tested task and is not an endorsement or approval.
Why compare with simple baselines?
Because complex models often appear impressive on benchmarks but add little over a well-chosen simple method on real research data.
التقاريرساهم

ساهم بأدلة من هذه الصفحة.

التقارير is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI⁨Labs⁩أدلة Labsالأساليب والجوانب التقنية
⁨Labs⁩

قدّم منهجية أو مجموعة بيانات أو سؤالا.

المعلومات والاستفسارات متاحة اليوم. ويحصل الاستفسار على رقم مرجعي ويحدد الخطوة التالية؛ ولا تُفتح الطلبات والمدفوعات وتخصيصات الحوسبة والتسجيلات إلا حين يتوافر فريقها وشروطها وقدرة المراجعة.