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Laboratorio del futuro del trabajo

Work changes when technologies, contracts, skills and institutions change, and research on that change is often loud and weakly identified. This lab studies how automation, platform work, remote work, skills sistemas and workplace institutions reshape jobs and organisations, with designs that can tell a real effect from a trend. This page sets out the mechanisms, the measures, the data, the methods and the people who decide on the evidence.

02La pregunta

Future of work lab: how the risk develops.

Workforce and institutional change research. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Tasks change before jobs

Technologies automate or augment specific tasks, not whole occupations. Jobs are rebundled, skill demands shift within roles, and the effect on employment depends on how firms reorganise work around the tool.

Mecanismo

Exposure is not impact

Indices of which occupations are exposed to a technology describe potential, not outcome. Adoption, cost, regulation and bargaining decide what happens, so exposure indices need causal evidence before they inform policy.

Mecanismo

Institutions mediate change

Collective agreements, training sistemas, protección social and labour law shape whether change raises productivity and wages or shifts risk onto workers. The same technology can produce different outcomes under different institutions.

Mecanismo

Workplace trials carry power

Experiments inside firms involve employees who may not feel free to refuse. Consent, worker representation, data protection and a real right to opt out decide whether a workplace study is ethical and its results credible.

03Simulador

Stocks, flujos, retardos y un umbral de inflexión.

Dos stocks, la presión y la capacidad de adaptación, unidas por un bucle de crecimiento que se refuerza, una respuesta de equilibrio retardada y daños cuando la presión supera la capacidad; pasado el umbral, el sistema puede bascular. Modelo didáctico con valores ilustrativos declarados, no una predicción.

Controles

Crecimiento de la presión
6,0 % al año
Eficacia de la capacidad para reducir la presión
4,0 % al año
Respuesta de la inversión a la presión percibida
20%
Retraso de percepción
4.0 años
Umbral de inflexión de la presión
60 índices
Amplificación más allá del umbral
2,0 veces
Años simulados
50 años

Lecturas

Presión máxima
113 índices
Capacidad al final
Índice 186
Años por encima del umbral
15,8 años
Cifras, métodos y fuentes
AñoPresiónCapacidadPercibido
020.050.020.0
423.344.921.2
827.242.224.0
1231.742.327.7
1636.845.532.2
2042.351.537.2
2447.960.342.6
2853.271.348.0
3257.884.353.1
3666.498.458.4
4082.7115.969.7
4497.8139.783.8
48109.1169.497.3

Métodos

  1. Dinámica de sistemas Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics
  2. Transiciones críticas y puntos de inflexión Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461
  3. Diagrama de bucles causales Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
  4. Abanico de incertidumbre (Monte Carlo de parámetros) Spiegelhalter, Pearson y Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. Sensibilidad de un factor a la vez (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

Datos

No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.

Stocks, flujos, retardos y un umbral de inflexión. Modelo didáctico ilustrativo: funciona con los valores fijados por los controles, no con datos medidos. Métodos: dinámica de sistemas (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics); transiciones críticas y puntos de inflexión (Scheffer y otros (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461); diagrama de bucles causales (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill).

En los seis pilares, bajo la dirección de Nexus Consortium

04In the five domains

The work lab studies change in each domain’s workforce.

05Métodos y evidencia

How future of work lab is modelled, measured and tested.

El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.

Modelo, ecuaciones y supuestos

The model structure used for future of work lab, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

Riesgo del elemento iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)amenaza, exposición, vulnerabilidad y capacidad de afrontamiento
Pérdida anual esperadaEAL = ∑k pk · Lksobre los eventos k con probabilidad anual pk
Sistemas acopladosxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
SupuestoPor qué se haceCómo se prueba
La amenaza y la exposición son independientes dentro de un eventoMantiene manejable la integral de pérdidasComparar con un ajuste de cópula sobre registros conjuntos
Los acoplamientos son lineales cerca del punto de operaciónPermite que las perturbaciones se propaguen a través de APerturbar más allá del rango lineal y comparar
Las curvas de vulnerabilidad se transfieren entre lugaresLas curvas locales rara vez están disponiblesValidar frente a las pérdidas observadas cuando existan
Entradas
conjuntos de datos versionados con procedencia
Resultados
distribuciones, nunca cifras únicas
Código
publicado con la ficha de modelo y las pruebas
Reproducción
mismos datos, código, entorno y semilla
Formulaciones estándar de riesgo y de espacio de estados; los supuestos enumerados son los típicos del método, expuestos para su revisión, no resultados.
Principios rectores FAIR · GO FAIR y FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientación para un tratamiento coherente de las incertidumbres · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sobre Satélites de Observación de la Tierra
06Indicadores

Qué se mide y con qué calidad.

Cada indicador lleva su unidad, su periodicidad, el tipo de fuente que lo respalda y la etiqueta de evidencia que llevaría un valor. No se muestran valores: un programa los aporta bajo su propia autoridad.

IndicadorUnidadCadenciaTipo de fuenteEtiqueta
Task exposure indexdimensionless index by occupationanualTask databases mapped to technology capabilityMODELADO
Firm adoption of the studied technologypercent of firmsanualEnterprise surveysESTIMADO
Adult skills proficiencyscore on the survey scaleper survey cycleOECD Survey of Adult SkillsOBSERVADO
Job quality indexcomposite indexper survey cycleWorking conditions surveysESTIMADO
Participation in job-related trainingpercent of adultsanualLabour force and adult education surveysEstadísticas publicadas
Pre-analysis plans for workplace trialspercent of trials registered before launchanualAEA RCT RegistryEstadísticas publicadas
Worker representatives consultedpercent of workplace studiespor estudioStudy ethics recordsDECLARADO
07Fuentes

De dónde procede la evidencia.

Conjuntos de datos públicos y registros institucionales identificados, cada uno con su tipo de licencia. Las fuentes obtenidas por acuerdo solo se utilizan conforme a sus condiciones y nunca se republican.

FuenteLo que aportaTipo de licencia
ILOSTAT (International Labour Organization)Employment, hours, wages and informality by countryFree and open, CC BY
OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC)Literacy, numeracy and problem solving of adults, with job tasksOECD terms; microdata by release
O*NET (US Department of Labor)Task, skill and work activity descriptors by occupationOpen, CC BY
ESCO (European Commission)Multilingual classification of skills, competences and occupationsLibre y abierta, con atribución
European Working Conditions Survey (Eurofound)Job quality, autonomy, work intensity and representationFree for research, end-user licence
AEA RCT Registry (American Economic Association)Registered field experiments and pre-analysis plans in economicsFree access, terms of use
National labour force surveysEmployment, occupation and training microdataTerms per statistical office
08Decisiones

Quién decide y a qué sirve la evidencia.

Laboratorios prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quién decideLa preguntaEvidencia a la que sirve esta página
Labour ministries and public employment servicesWhich training and transition programmes to fund or scaleImpact evaluations with credible comparison groups, cost data, effects by group
Employers and worker representativesWhether and how to introduce a technology, with what consultation and safeguardsPilot evaluation, task and job-quality effects, data protection assessment
Research ethics committeesWhether a workplace experiment protects voluntariness and personal dataConsent design, opt-out route, representation agreement, data minimisation
Financiadores de la investigaciónWhich questions on work and technology merit sustained fundingEvidence gaps mapped by strength of design, not by volume of commentary

Productos que genera este tema

  • Pre-analysis plans for workplace and labour market trials
  • Occupational task maps linked to technology capability, with the method stated
  • Evaluations of training and transition programmes with the identification strategy stated
  • Ethics and consultation records for studies inside workplaces
09Cuestiones centrales

What experts ask about changing work.

  • Which tasks within an occupation are changing, rather than which jobs disappear?
  • Who bears the costs of transition, by region, age, sex, sector and skill level?
  • Which training, matching and income-support measures actually change outcomes?
  • How do institutions such as schools, unions, employers and public employment services adapt?
  • How do heat, disasters and supply disruptions affect work and safety?
10Mecanismos y factores impulsores

The forces reshaping work.

Economists analyse technological change at the level of tasks. A technology may substitute for some tasks, complement others and create new ones; the net effect on an occupation depends on the mix and on how employers reorganise work. Automation and AI tend to affect routine cognitive and manual tasks first, but recent tools also reach into tasks once thought to require judgement.

Other forces act alongside technology. Ageing populations change labour supply and care needs. El cambio climático raises heat exposure for outdoor and industrial workers and shifts employment between sectors during energy transitions. Trade and supply-chain disruptions can concentrate job losses in particular places, where the effects persist for years.

Institutions shape outcomes. The same technology can produce very different results depending on training sistemas, labour law, protección social and bargaining arrangements.

11Métodos y datos

Evidence and its limits.

  1. 01

    Task and occupation data

    Classifications of work activities linked to employment data. They lag behind real change and vary between countries.

  2. 02

    Labour force and administrative records

    Surveys and registers tracking employment, earnings and transitions. Access is often restricted and linking sources raises privacy questions.

  3. 03

    Evaluación de impacto

    Randomised and quasi-experimental studies of training and matching programmes using inferencia causal. Results may not transfer across labour markets.

  4. 04

    Workplace experiments

    Controlled trials of new tools or practices inside organisations, under consent and ethics review.

Forecasts of jobs lost or created are highly sensitive to assumptions and are not presented as predictions. The lab reports scenarios with their assumptions.

12Métodos

Cómo se estudia y lo que los métodos no pueden decir.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Los organismos y documentos con los que se lee esta página. El estado y las ediciones cambian; cada enlace lleva al organismo emisor.

14Preguntas

Preguntas y respuestas.

Does exposure to automation mean jobs will be lost?
No. Exposure measures which tasks a technology could perform. Whether employment falls, rises or changes shape depends on adoption, costs, demand and institutions, and needs causal evidence.
Why register a pre-analysis plan for a field experiment?
Labour data offer many outcomes and subgroups. A registered plan fixes which ones test the hypothesis, so a reported effect is not simply the best of many tries.
Can employees refuse to take part in a workplace study?
They should be able to, without consequence. Ethics committees look for genuine voluntariness, independent consent routes and, where relevant, agreement with worker representatives.
Does the lab predict how many jobs will be lost to AI?
No. It studies how tasks change and what helps people adapt. Where scenarios are used, they are presented with their assumptions, not as forecasts.
Can an employer run a workplace trial with the lab?
A trial can be proposed. It proceeds only under a published protocol, with consent from workers and independent ethics review.
How does this lab differ from the Future of Work and Skills platform?
The platform covers the field as a whole; the lab runs experiments and evaluations that feed it.
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serie Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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