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GCRI · Labs

Laboratório do futuro do trabalho

Work changes when technologies, contracts, skills and institutions change, and research on that change is often loud and weakly identified. This lab studies how automation, platform work, remote work, skills sistemas and workplace institutions reshape jobs and organisations, with designs that can tell a real effect from a trend. This page sets out the mechanisms, the measures, the data, the methods and the people who decide on the evidence.

02A pergunta

Future of work lab: how the risk develops.

Workforce and institutional change research. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Tasks change before jobs

Technologies automate or augment specific tasks, not whole occupations. Jobs are rebundled, skill demands shift within roles, and the effect on employment depends on how firms reorganise work around the tool.

Mecanismo

Exposure is not impact

Indices of which occupations are exposed to a technology describe potential, not outcome. Adoption, cost, regulation and bargaining decide what happens, so exposure indices need causal evidence before they inform policy.

Mecanismo

Institutions mediate change

Collective agreements, training sistemas, proteção social and labour law shape whether change raises productivity and wages or shifts risk onto workers. The same technology can produce different outcomes under different institutions.

Mecanismo

Workplace trials carry power

Experiments inside firms involve employees who may not feel free to refuse. Consent, worker representation, data protection and a real right to opt out decide whether a workplace study is ethical and its results credible.

03Simulador

Stocks, fluxos, atrasos e um limiar de rutura.

Dois stocks, a pressão e a capacidade de adaptação, ligados por um ciclo de crescimento que se reforça, uma resposta de equilíbrio com atraso e danos quando a pressão ultrapassa a capacidade; para lá do limiar, o sistema pode bascular. Modelo didático com valores ilustrativos declarados, não uma previsão.

Controles

Crescimento da pressão
6,0% ao ano
Eficácia da capacidade na redução da pressão
4,0% ao ano
Resposta do investimento à pressão percebida
20%
Atraso de perceção
4.0 anos
Limiar de rutura da pressão
60 índices
Amplificação para lá do limiar
2,0 vezes
Anos simulados
50 anos

Leituras

Pressão máxima
113 índices
Capacidade no final
Índice 186
Anos acima do limiar
15,8 anos
Números, métodos e fontes
AnoPressãoCapacidadePercebido
020.050.020.0
423.344.921.2
827.242.224.0
1231.742.327.7
1636.845.532.2
2042.351.537.2
2447.960.342.6
2853.271.348.0
3257.884.353.1
3666.498.458.4
4082.7115.969.7
4497.8139.783.8
48109.1169.497.3

Métodos

  1. Dinâmica de sistemas Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics
  2. Transições críticas e pontos de rutura Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461
  3. Diagrama de ciclos causais Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
  4. Leque de incerteza (Monte Carlo de parâmetros) Spiegelhalter, Pearson e Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. Sensibilidade de um fator de cada vez (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

Dados

No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.

Estoques, fluxos, atrasos e um limiar de inflexão. Modelo didático ilustrativo: funciona com os valores definidos pelos controles, não com dados medidos. Métodos: dinâmica de sistemas (Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics); transições críticas e pontos de inflexão (Scheffer e outros (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461); diagrama de ciclos causais (Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill).

Nos seis pilares, sob a liderança do Nexus Consortium

04In the five domains

The work lab studies change in each domain’s workforce.

05Métodos e evidência

How future of work lab is modelled, measured and tested.

O modelo, os seus pressupostos, os seus dados e a sua incerteza, na forma que um cientista ou engenheiro verificaria. As estruturas seguem métodos publicados. Os valores representados são ilustrativos, não conclusões.

Modelo, equações e pressupostos

The model structure used for future of work lab, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

Risco do elemento iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)ameaça, exposição, vulnerabilidade e capacidade de enfrentamento
Perda anual esperadaEAL = ∑k pk · Lksobre os eventos k com probabilidade anual pk
Sistemas acopladosxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
PressupostoPorque é feitoComo é testado
A ameaça e a exposição são independentes dentro de um eventoMantém tratável o integral de perdasComparar com um ajuste de cópula sobre registros conjuntos
Os acoplamentos são lineares perto do ponto de funcionamentoPermite que os choques se propaguem através de APerturbar para além do intervalo linear e comparar
As curvas de vulnerabilidade transferem-se entre lugaresAs curvas locais raramente estão disponíveisValidar face às perdas observadas quando existam
Entradas
conjuntos de dados versionados com proveniência
Resultados
distribuições, nunca números isolados
Código
publicado com a ficha de modelo e os testes
Reprodução
mesmos dados, código, ambiente e semente
Formulações padrão de risco e de espaço de estados; os pressupostos listados são típicos do método, indicados para revisão, não resultados.
Princípios orientadores FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientação sobre o tratamento consistente das incertezas · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
06Indicadores

O que é medido e com que qualidade.

Cada indicador leva sua unidade, sua periodicidade, o tipo de fonte por trás dele e a etiqueta de evidência que um valor levaria. Nenhum valor é mostrado: um programa os fornece sob sua própria autoridade.

IndicadorUnidadeCadênciaTipo de fonteRótulo
Task exposure indexdimensionless index by occupationanualTask databases mapped to technology capabilityMODELADO
Firm adoption of the studied technologypercent of firmsanualEnterprise surveysESTIMADO
Adult skills proficiencyscore on the survey scaleper survey cycleOECD Survey of Adult SkillsOBSERVADO
Job quality indexcomposite indexper survey cycleWorking conditions surveysESTIMADO
Participation in job-related trainingpercent of adultsanualLabour force and adult education surveysEstatísticas publicadas
Pre-analysis plans for workplace trialspercent of trials registered before launchanualAEA RCT RegistryEstatísticas publicadas
Worker representatives consultedpercent of workplace studiespor estudoStudy ethics recordsDECLARADO
07Fontes

De onde vêm as evidências.

Conjuntos de dados públicos nomeados e registros institucionais, cada um com sua classe de licença. As fontes obtidas por acordo só são usadas nos seus termos e nunca são republicadas.

FonteO que ofereceClasse de licença
ILOSTAT (International Labour Organization)Employment, hours, wages and informality by countryFree and open, CC BY
OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC)Literacy, numeracy and problem solving of adults, with job tasksOECD terms; microdata by release
O*NET (US Department of Labor)Task, skill and work activity descriptors by occupationOpen, CC BY
ESCO (European Commission)Multilingual classification of skills, competences and occupationsLivre e aberto, atribuição
European Working Conditions Survey (Eurofound)Job quality, autonomy, work intensity and representationFree for research, end-user licence
AEA RCT Registry (American Economic Association)Registered field experiments and pre-analysis plans in economicsFree access, terms of use
National labour force surveysEmployment, occupation and training microdataTerms per statistical office
08Decisões

Quem decide, e a que servem as evidências.

Laboratórios prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quem decideA perguntaEvidências a que esta página serve
Labour ministries and public employment servicesWhich training and transition programmes to fund or scaleImpact evaluations with credible comparison groups, cost data, effects by group
Employers and worker representativesWhether and how to introduce a technology, with what consultation and safeguardsPilot evaluation, task and job-quality effects, data protection assessment
Research ethics committeesWhether a workplace experiment protects voluntariness and personal dataConsent design, opt-out route, representation agreement, data minimisation
Financiadores de pesquisaWhich questions on work and technology merit sustained fundingEvidence gaps mapped by strength of design, not by volume of commentary

Produtos que este tema gera

  • Pre-analysis plans for workplace and labour market trials
  • Occupational task maps linked to technology capability, with the method stated
  • Evaluations of training and transition programmes with the identification strategy stated
  • Ethics and consultation records for studies inside workplaces
09Questões centrais

What experts ask about changing work.

  • Which tasks within an occupation are changing, rather than which jobs disappear?
  • Who bears the costs of transition, by region, age, sex, sector and skill level?
  • Which training, matching and income-support measures actually change outcomes?
  • How do institutions such as schools, unions, employers and public employment services adapt?
  • How do heat, disasters and supply disruptions affect work and safety?
10Mecanismos e fatores

The forces reshaping work.

Economists analyse technological change at the level of tasks. A technology may substitute for some tasks, complement others and create new ones; the net effect on an occupation depends on the mix and on how employers reorganise work. Automation and AI tend to affect routine cognitive and manual tasks first, but recent tools also reach into tasks once thought to require judgement.

Other forces act alongside technology. Ageing populations change labour supply and care needs. mudança do clima raises heat exposure for outdoor and industrial workers and shifts employment between sectors during energy transitions. Trade and supply-chain disruptions can concentrate job losses in particular places, where the effects persist for years.

Institutions shape outcomes. The same technology can produce very different results depending on training sistemas, labour law, proteção social and bargaining arrangements.

11Métodos e dados

Evidence and its limits.

  1. 01

    Task and occupation data

    Classifications of work activities linked to employment data. They lag behind real change and vary between countries.

  2. 02

    Labour force and administrative records

    Surveys and registers tracking employment, earnings and transitions. Access is often restricted and linking sources raises privacy questions.

  3. 03

    Avaliação de impacto

    Randomised and quasi-experimental studies of training and matching programmes using inferência causal. Results may not transfer across labour markets.

  4. 04

    Workplace experiments

    Controlled trials of new tools or practices inside organisations, under consent and ethics review.

Forecasts of jobs lost or created are highly sensitive to assumptions and are not presented as predictions. The lab reports scenarios with their assumptions.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Os organismos e documentos à luz dos quais esta página é lida. O estado e as edições mudam; cada ligação leva ao organismo emissor.

14Perguntas

Perguntas e respostas.

Does exposure to automation mean jobs will be lost?
No. Exposure measures which tasks a technology could perform. Whether employment falls, rises or changes shape depends on adoption, costs, demand and institutions, and needs causal evidence.
Why register a pre-analysis plan for a field experiment?
Labour data offer many outcomes and subgroups. A registered plan fixes which ones test the hypothesis, so a reported effect is not simply the best of many tries.
Can employees refuse to take part in a workplace study?
They should be able to, without consequence. Ethics committees look for genuine voluntariness, independent consent routes and, where relevant, agreement with worker representatives.
Does the lab predict how many jobs will be lost to AI?
No. It studies how tasks change and what helps people adapt. Where scenarios are used, they are presented with their assumptions, not as forecasts.
Can an employer run a workplace trial with the lab?
A trial can be proposed. It proceeds only under a published protocol, with consent from workers and independent ethics review.
How does this lab differ from the Future of Work and Skills platform?
The platform covers the field as a whole; the lab runs experiments and evaluations that feed it.
RelatóriosContribuir

Contribua com evidências a partir desta página.

Relatórios is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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Laboratórios

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