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Reproductibilité et résultats négatifs

Science corrects itself only when failures are recorded: replications that did not reproduce, experiments that found nothing, errors found after publication. Many of these records never appear, so the published literature overstates effects and certainty. This page sets out how irreproducibility arises, how replication and correction work, which records exist, and what editors, integrity offices and funders rely on when they correct or retract.

02La question

Reproducibility and negative results: how the risk develops.

Failure records and corrections. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mécanisme

Publication bias filters the record

Significant, novel results are more likely to be written up, accepted and cited than null ones. The literature then shows a biased sample of what was studied, and meta-analyses inherit the bias.

Mécanisme

Errors propagate through citation

A flawed or retracted paper keeps being cited, often without mention of its status. Reviews, guidelines and later studies that build on it carry the error forward, sometimes long after the notice.

Mécanisme

Reproduction fails for ordinary reasons

Missing code, undocumented software versions, unshared reagents, unclear methods and lost raw data stop others from repeating an analysis or experiment, even when the original work was honest.

Mécanisme

Correction is slow and uneven

Investigations take time, journals differ in how they flag problems, and retraction notices can be vague. Readers may not learn that a paper was corrected, and databases may not carry the notice forward.

03Suivi

Tableau des protocoles et des réplications.

L'écran qu'une équipe utiliserait pour suivre ce sujet : ses mesures, ses états et ses décisions. Les noms sont des exemples et les valeurs sont illustratives.

Tableau des protocoles et des réplications

Reproducibility and negative results · Labs · Quarter 1

Deux réplications en coursGCRI · Labs

Protocoles

PR-594 sensor driftExpérience de terrainOuiApprouvéEn cours
PR-714 AI triageRandomiséOuiConditionsConfiguration
PR-551 message recallExpérience par enquêteOuiApprouvéTerminé
PR-896 heat exposureCohorteNonEn attenteBrouillon

Replication R-20

Effet initial
0.3 SD
Effet de réplication
0.3 SD
Verdict
Plus petit, même signe
Publié
avec données et code

Disponibilité des bancs d'essai

Protocol and replication board: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Reproducibility and negative results.Noms donnés à titre d'exemple et valeurs illustratives ; une conception, non un enregistrement ni un système en service.
04In the five domains

Negative results matter in every domain.

Negative results are published in the série Labs Evidence. The National Academies’ report (2019) distinguishes reproducibility from replicability; DORA (2012) supports assessing research on its merits.

  • Negative results.
  • Replication attempts.
05Méthodes et preuves

How reproducibility and negative results is modelled, measured and tested.

Le modèle, ses hypothèses, ses données et son incertitude, sous la forme qu'un scientifique ou un ingénieur vérifierait. Les structures suivent des méthodes publiées. Les valeurs représentées sont illustratives, ce ne sont pas des résultats.

Modèle, équations et hypothèses

The model structure used for reproducibility and negative results, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

Risque de l'élément iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)aléa, exposition, vulnérabilité et capacité à faire face
Perte annuelle attendueEAL = ∑k pk · Lksur les événements k de probabilité annuelle pk
Systèmes couplésxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
HypothèsePourquoi il est réaliséComment il est testé
Aléa et exposition sont indépendants au sein d'un événementGarde l'intégrale des pertes calculableComparer avec un ajustement de copule sur des relevés conjoints
Les couplages sont linéaires près du point de fonctionnementLaisse les chocs se propager à travers APerturber au-delà de la plage linéaire et comparer
Les courbes de vulnérabilité se transposent d'un lieu à l'autreLes courbes locales sont rarement disponiblesValider par rapport aux pertes observées lorsqu'elles existent
Entrées
jeux de données versionnés avec provenance
Productions
des distributions, jamais des nombres isolés
Code
publié avec la fiche de modèle et les tests
Reproduction
mêmes données, code, environnement et graine
Formulations standard du risque et de l'espace d'états ; les hypothèses énumérées sont typiques de la méthode, énoncées pour examen, et non des résultats.
Principes directeurs FAIR · GO FAIR et FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientations sur le traitement cohérent des incertitudes · GIECCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sur les satellites d'observation de la Terre
06Indicateurs

Ce qui est mesuré, et avec quelle qualité.

Chaque indicateur porte son unité, sa périodicité, le type de source qui le sous-tend et l'étiquette de preuve que porterait une valeur. Aucune valeur n'est affichée : un programme les fournit sous sa propre autorité.

IndicateurUnitéFréquenceType de sourceÉtiquette
Computational reproducibilitypercent of sampled studies regenerated from shared code and dataper auditReproducibility auditsOBSERVÉ
Replication outcomeproportion of replications meeting the prespecified criterionper programmeCoordinated replication projectsOBSERVÉ
Retraction noticescount by field and reasonannuelRetraction Watch database via CrossrefStatistiques publiées
Time from concern to correctionmoisper caseJournal and integrity office recordsDÉCLARÉ
Post-retraction citationscitations per retracted articleannuelCitation data linked to retraction recordsOBSERVÉ
Null and negative results depositedcount of recordsannuelRepositories and registriesDÉCLARÉ
Data available on requestpercent of articles whose data could be obtainedper auditData request auditsOBSERVÉ
07Sources

D'où proviennent les données probantes.

Jeux de données publics et registres institutionnels nommés, chacun avec sa catégorie de licence. Les sources fournies dans le cadre d'accords ne sont utilisées que selon leurs conditions et ne sont jamais republiées.

SourcesCe qu'elle apporteCatégorie de licence
Retraction Watch database (Crossref)Retractions, corrections and expressions of concern with reasonsOuvert, attribution
Crossref metadata and Crossmark updatesLinks from articles to their corrections and retractionsOpen metadata, no restrictions
OpenAlexWorks, citations, authors and institutions across disciplinesOuvert, CC0
FORRT Replication DatabaseReplication attempts and outcomes, mostly in the social and behavioural sciencesOuvert, attribution
OSF projects of coordinated replication programmesProtocols, data and code of large-scale replicationsOpen, licence per project
PubPeerPost-publication comments identifying possible problems in papersFree access, terms of use
Zenodo (CERN)Citable deposits for null results, data and codeOpen, licence per record
08Décisions

Qui décide, et à quoi servent les données probantes.

Laboratoires prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Qui décideLa questionDonnées probantes servies par cette page
Journal editors and publishersWhether to correct, retract or issue an expression of concernEvidence of error or misconduct, author response, COPE guidance, reproduction attempts
Research integrity officesWhether an allegation is substantiated and what followsRaw data, records, code, interviews and an independent analysis
Bailleurs de fonds de la rechercheWhether to fund replications and require data and code sharingReproducibility audit results, replication evidence by field, cost of sharing
Guideline developers and systematic reviewersWhether to rely on a study that has been questioned or correctedRetraction and correction status, replication evidence, risk-of-bias assessment

Résultats que produit ce thème

  • Replication protocols registered before data collection, with success criteria fixed
  • Reproducibility records listing code, data, environment and the outcome of each rerun
  • Deposits of null and negative results with full methods
  • Correction logs that link each notice to the works affected
09Questions essentielles

What experts ask about reproducibility.

  • Can an independent team re-run the analysis from the published data and code?
  • Has the finding been replicated with new data, in a new setting or by a different team?
  • Which null or negative results exist, and where are they recorded?
  • When an error is found, how is it corrected and how are users of the result told?
  • Which parts of a workflow, such as software versions or random seeds, could change the answer?
10Mécanismes et facteurs

Why results fail to reproduce.

Many published findings in several disciplines have proved difficult to replicate. The causes are well understood: small samples, flexible analysis, selective reporting, undocumented data processing and incentives that favour novel positive findings. In computational work, results can also depend on software versions, hardware, random seeds and data that change after publication.

Negative results are under-reported because they are harder to publish and seem less interesting. This distorts the evidence base: if only successful trials of an intervention are visible, the intervention looks more effective than it is. Systematic reviews and models built on that evidence inherit the bias.

Corrections matter for the same reason. An error in a widely used dataset or model can propagate into many downstream analyses before it is found.

11Méthodes et données

Practices that support reproducibility.

  1. 01

    Open data and code

    Sharing the materials needed to re-run an analysis, within privacy and licensing limits. Some data cannot be shared and must be described instead.

  2. 02

    Computational environments

    Recording software versions and environments, a practice developed with modélisation reproductible. Long-term preservation remains hard.

  3. 03

    Registered reports

    Peer review of the protocol before results exist, so publication does not depend on the outcome.

  4. 04

    Correction records

    Dated, visible corrections linked to the original result, rather than silent replacement.

A failed replication does not by itself show the original was wrong; differences in setting, sample or method must be examined before conclusions are drawn.

12Méthodes

Comment c'est étudié, et ce que les méthodes ne peuvent pas dire.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Les organismes et documents à l'aune desquels cette page se lit. Les statuts et éditions changent ; chaque lien mène à l'organisme émetteur.

14Questions

Questions et réponses.

What is the difference between reproducibility and replicability?
In the usage of the US National Academies, reproducibility means obtaining the same results from the same data and code, and replicability means obtaining consistent results from new data. Usage varies by field, so definitions should be stated.
Why publish negative results?
They show what did not work, prevent wasted repetition and correct the bias that makes effects look larger than they are. A well-designed study with a null result is a finding.
Does retraction always mean misconduct?
No. Papers are also retracted for honest error, irreproducible results or publisher problems. COPE guidance asks that each notice states the reason.
Can a retracted paper still be cited?
It can be cited as retracted, for example in studies of the literature. Citing it as valid evidence is an error that reviewers and editors should catch.
Will Labs publish a study that found nothing?
Yes. A well-conducted study with a null result is designed to be recorded with the same detail as a positive one.
How do I report an error in a Labs result?
Use the correction routes on the Labs trust page. L'accusé de réception fournit une référence et indique l'étape suivante.
Are corrected results removed?
No. The original stays visible with a dated correction, so anyone who used it can see what changed.
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Rapports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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